The Wasat Party in Egypt Promoting a Liberal Political...

The Wasat Party has slowly become an important opposition party throughout the years that promotes a more liberal political environment in Egypt. The article explains that before the Wasat Party had the legal status of an official party, the foundation was being formed secretively by young leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood. The young leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood were considering democratization to be a better option because of the positive impacts in had on other countries around the world. Moreover, the young leaders didn’t desire the repression they had to go through because of the strict interpretation of the Shari‘a, the Islamic law. The Shari‘a condemned aspects Therefore, the young leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood had to keep their intentions of their aspiring new political party secret until it was exposed to the regime. The Wasat Party offered more liberal interpretation of the Shari’a as well as provides different ideas of what undermined the Islamic core values the differed from the Muslim Brotherhood. There are three important ideological principles that characterize the Wasat Party that differ from the Muslim Brotherhood. The first ideological principle is the interpretation of the Shari‘a and its role in politics. For the Muslim Brotherhood the Shari‘a is a set of binding rules that have a major role in politics. They are fully bound by the rules and provide various measures of repression to any violators of such rules. In contrast, the Wasat Party

The overview of Last In/First Out and First In/Last Ou Free Essays

The overview of Last In/First Out and First In/Last Out is now completed for the date and time of your choice to discuss the company matters. The information from last month is was completed at the end of the month and the present is kept current on a daily base as management needs to be up to date of the inventory and financial levels of the company. Reducing federal and state income corporate taxes are important as this may allow the company to see a decrease in expenses over the time. We will write a custom essay sample on The overview of Last In/First Out and First In/Last Ou or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking at the expenses of the company and viewing the incomes of the employees will allow the company to make the decision as to Last In/First Out or First In/Last Out to save the company finances. Although looking at the inventory will allow the management to view the Last In/First Out and First In/Last Out as to the timing of the inventory growth. Using First In/Last Out will allow the company to still grow as the inventory increases and the company will still profit. Using Last In/First Out will allow the company to be at a stand point and no increases are made. Understanding the decision that is made must be final, this information will be viewed and continued to be up to date for any financial issues that may arise before and after the meeting and decisions are made. By looking at the short and long term on Cost of Goods Sold this will allow you to make the judgment of the Last In/First Out and First In/Last Out and it shows the profit for the company in the past and allow you to predict the future. Good luck with your decision and I stand by you on the choice that is made. How to cite The overview of Last In/First Out and First In/Last Ou, Essay examples

Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing

Question: Discuss the managing patient deterioration or patients with pain in the ED. An example of an incident that required leadership/management skills. Answer: Managing patient deterioration or patients with pain in the ED As a registered nurse, the management and the provision of the care and safety to the patient in every situation is the foremost duty of my profession. During the practice, a nurse has to face several cases where patients are suffering from various ailments. There was one case during my nursing practice involving a lady who was a 70-year-old suffering from intense abdominal pain and was immediately admitted to the emergency department. The management of the elderly patients is sometimes very difficult due to certain barriers faced during the assessment and the treatment and this case also included the same problem. As pain is the subjective experience and there is no objective means or tests to measure the quality and intensity of the pain. Hence, an effective communication is very important for the management of the acute and chronic pain in the patient (Herr et al., 2011). However, as the patient in this case was elder and was also positive for dementia, there was a barrier in the communication, which hindered the assessment of the pain in detail. At that time there was the requirement of the patience and interpersonal skills to encourage the patient to discuss her pain in detail. Moreover, with the help of the training that I had received during my nursing practice, I also kept on observing the behavioral expressions of the patient in determining the intensity of the pain. With the knowledge of the past medical history of the patient and under assistance of the physician, the low dose of the analgesic trial was given to the patient according to the available information regarding the pain for its management (Czarnecki et al., 2011). Description- As the patient was a geriatric patient and had dementia symptoms; I was having issues while communicating with her and it was decreasing the effectiveness of the pain management service Feelings- I felt bad for the patient by looking at her situation and felt bad for the fact that I was not capable of improving her situation. However, I always tried to communicate with her and tried to establish a positive relationship with her. I observed her past medical history and current status and tried to implement the effective pain assessment tools for analyzing her pain severity Evaluation- While evaluating my role for handling this patient, I have analyzed that I have tried to achieve the nursing competency standard; I always repeated facts to combat with her forgetfulness. In this context, I have explored the experiences from nursing training and handled the patient by observing her behavioral expression to assess the intensity of the pain. Conclusion- In conclusion, it can be said that I have tried to assist the patient by evaluating her issue, in spite of the barrier in communication due to her status of dementia and severe pain. Through the help of my management and nursing skills, I tried to establish a care plan for resolving the situation. Action- Finally, I tried to rely on her previous medical history and with the help of a physician started to administer low dose pain medication trial and followed up her improvement throughout 15 successive days. An example of an incident that required leadership/management skills Being a registered nurse, it is important to ensure patients safety and provision of the best quality of work to the patients. For providing the best care service, from my perspectives, the nurse should have the best management and leadership qualities. It is because, being a registered nurse, they have enough responsibilities to manage critical situations in the health care environment. In addition to the patient care services, the registered nurse has to manage many internal issues which might arise in the contemporary health framework within team mates and other health care workers. In this context, the registered nurse has the highest priority to assess the incident and implement the most suitable intervention through her acquired skills and capabilities to resolve those issues, thereby helping the organization to improve the overall quality of service provided (Barr Dowding, 2012). In this context, one incident I have faced an incidence which required the essential management/leadership skills of a nurse leader and I explored the leadership skills for resolving the current issue in that context through the implementation of effective nursing strategies suitable for that situation. I will explain the situation through a reflective framework, the Gibbs Reflective cycle. Gibbs reflective cycle included the five consecutive steps, including description, feelings, evaluation, conclusion and action (Bouch, 2012). Description- During the period of my nursing practice, I have faced a conflict where one of my team mate undertaken a wrong step in the health care settings. She forgot to administer a particular medication to a patient. After addressing her fault, she did not attempted to rectify her fault, in spite of thinking about resolving the situation; she did not inform anyone about the issue. I was not aware of the issue at all. The patient was at a severe condition and missing one dose of his medication could be life threatening. The day after this incidence, she told me about the incident she have done. Feelings- After listening the incident from her, I was initially shocked, thinking about the consequences. I felt shocked thinking about the possible consequences for both the patients and the nursing staff. The patient might have negative consequences due to the missing dose of his essential medication. On the other hand, if the negative consequences happened to the patient, the patient family could sue the nursing staff; her nursing license could be cancelled. Thus, I felt sad for both of them, however, I could not support the nursing staff, as she did not tell anyone about her mistake and did not attempted to recover the situation. Therefore, it could be characterized as an offensive activity. Evaluation- From the situation, I have evaluated that the nurse did not met the nursing competency standards as well as the ethical considerations in the nursing competency framework. I have also analyzed that the patients situation can deteriorate further, if the missing dose is not compensated by an alternative approach, because the patient was in severe condition. I have analyzed the fact that I should convince the nursing staff to inform the situation to the entire health care team and then we could help her to resolve the situation. In this way we can make the situation better. Conclusion- In conclusion, I can say that the nurse did not meet the nursing standards along with the ethical codes which have been set for the nursing practices. In addition, the nurse did not inform the higher authority to resolve this issue. At this situation, with my problem solving skill, I tried to convince her to talks with the entire health care team to resolve the issue. Action- Finally, I have convinced the nurse to talk with the health care team. With a positive attitude, I helped to arrange a meeting with the team and there she talked with the patients physician. At this stage, I requested the physician to talk with the patient party and her apologies to the entire team and patient party. Finally, based on the patients assessment, the physician successfully applied alternative medication to the patient. Through effective communication and management skills, the situation was resolved. Reference List Barr, J. Dowding, L. (2012).Leadership in health care. Los Angeles: SAGE. Bouch, J. (2012). Reflective writing.Advances In Psychiatric Treatment,18(3), 161-161. https://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.18.3.161 Czarnecki, M., Turner, H., Collins, P., Doellman, D., Wrona, S., Reynolds, J. (2011). Procedural Pain Management: A Position Statement with Clinical Practice Recommendations.Pain Management Nursing,12(2), 95-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2011.02.003 Herr, K., Coyne, P., McCaffery, M., Manworren, R., Merkel, S. (2011). Pain Assessment in the Patient Unable to Self-Report: Position Statement with Clinical Practice Recommendations.Pain Management Nursing,12(4), 230-250. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2011.10.002 Bibliography Kooienga, S. Wilkinson, J. (2016). RN Prescribing: An Expanded Role for Nursing.Nursing Forum. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12159 Polit, D. Beck, C. (2012).Nursing research. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Sullivan, E. (2012).Effective leadership and management in nursing. Boston: Pearson. Sun, RN, PhD, V., Olausson, RN, MSN, CDE, J., Fujinami, RN, CCM, OCN, R., Chong, RN, MN, NP, C., Dunham, RN, MSN, NP, R., Tittlefitz, RN, MSN, NP-C, T. et al. (2015). The Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in Survivorship Care Planning.Journal Of The Advanced Practitioner In Oncology,6(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jadpro.2015.6.1.7 Wald, H., Borkan, J., Taylor, J., Anthony, D., Reis, S. (2012). Fostering and Evaluating Reflective Capacity in Medical Education: Developing the REFLECT Rubric for Assessing Reflective Writing.Academic Medicine,87(1), 41-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e31823b55fa Wharton, S. (2012). Presenting a united front: assessed reflective writing on a group experience.Reflective Practice,13(4), 489-501. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2012.670622

3 Expert Tips for Tackling the UVA Essay Prompts

3 Expert Tips for Tackling the UVA Essay Prompts SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, the University of Virginia boasts impressive academics, competitive sports team, and a long list of notable alumni. Though over 20,000 students attend UVA, the school has an admissions rate of just 30% - meaning you’ll have to work hard if you want to be a Cavalier. One of the best ways to boost your chances of admissions is by writing great UVA essays as part of your application. In this article, we’ll break down what the UVA essay prompts are and how you can write responses to each prompt that will make you stand out. What Are the UVA Supplemental Essay Prompts? In order to apply to UVA, you’ll submit either the Common or Coalition Application. No matter which option you choose, you’ll have to complete the UVA supplement, which includes two essays. Neither of the UVA essays has a hard word count, though the instructions recommend that you write around half a page, or 250 words. For the first UVA supplement essay, you’re required to write a response based on the school within UVA that you’re applying to. For the second UVA supplement essay, you get to choose the topic that resonates most with you. UVA Essay Prompts Here are the UVA essay prompts for 2018-19: Prompt #1 We are looking for passionate students to join our diverse community of scholars, researchers, and artists. Answer the question that corresponds to the school/program to which you are applying in a half page or roughly 250 words. College of Arts and Sciences - What work of art, music, science, mathematics, or literature has surprised, unsettled, or challenged you, and in what way? School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - If you were given funding for a small engineering project that would make everyday life better for one friend or family member, what would you design? School of Architecture - Describe an instance or place where you have been inspired by architecture or design. School of Nursing - School of Nursing applicants may have experience shadowing, volunteering, or working in a health care environment. Tell us about a healthcare-related experience or another significant interaction that deepened your interest in studying Nursing. Kinesiology Program - Discuss experiences that led you to choose the kinesiology major. Prompt #2 Answer one of the following questions in a half page or roughly 250 words. What’s your favorite word and why? We are a community with quirks, both in language and in traditions. Describe one of your quirks and why it is part of who you are. Student self-governance, which encourages student investment and initiative, is a hallmark of the UVA culture. In her fourth year at UVA, Laura Nelson was inspired to create Flash Seminars, one-time classes which facilitate high-energy discussion about thought-provoking topics outside of traditional coursework. If you created a Flash Seminar, what idea would you explore and why? UVA students paint messages on Beta Bridge when they want to share information with our community. What would you paint on Beta Bridge and why is this your message? UVA students are charged with pushing the boundaries of knowledge to serve others and contribute to the common good. Give us an example of how you’ve used what you’ve learned to make a positive impact in another person’s life. UVA Essays, Analyzed Looking for advice on how to write amazing UVA essays? Let’s break down how to answer each prompt. UVA Prompt #1 The instructions are the same for all of the first UVA essays: "We are looking for passionate students to join our diverse community of scholars, researchers, and artists. Answer the question that corresponds to the school/program to which you are applying in a half page or roughly 250 words." Let’s look at how to answer each one. College of Arts and Sciences - What work of art, music, science, mathematics, or literature has surprised, unsettled, or challenged you, and in what way? This prompt gives you an opportunity to examine many different fields. The key is to pick something you’re passionate about. Passion doesn’t always have to be a good thing. You may be passionate about why Pride Prejudice is the worst book ever written. This essay asks about something that has surprised, unsettled, or challenged you - you don’t need to pick your favorites here. Consider picking something that has reframed your perception of the world. Have you read a book that opened your eyes to another culture? Has some fact of science truly blown your mind? Go with something that has shifted how you view and conceptualize the world. Again, it doesn’t have to be in a good way. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - If you were given funding for a small engineering project that would make everyday life better for one friend or family member, what would you design? This prompt allows you to think out of the box! In order to ace this essay, go small (it says so in the prompt) and personal. You don’t need to dream up a cure for cancer or a new way to bring water to the developing countries. Think about a challenge that faces the ones you love every day - you should pick something that feels real and honest. Don’t try to impress with size and scale here. Instead, make a small, meaningful impact. If you’re able to describe how your project really makes a change, it will be more memorable in the eyes of the admissions committee. School of Architecture - Describe an instance or place where you have been inspired by architecture or design. Inspiration comes in many forms - what’s important for this prompt is to think about what has inspired you, not the masses. In other words, don’t feel like you need to pick the Empire State Building if you weren’t actually inspired by that work. Pick something that was meaningful to you and expand on why it impacted you. You could even pick a small home - something that encouraged you to think of building dwellings that are important for families. Whatever you choose, you should be sincere about your inspiration. Anything that sounds trite will be really obvious to the admissions committee. They’ll read thousands of applications about wanting to make the tallest building in the world - make yours sound different. School of Nursing - School of Nursing applicants may have experience shadowing, volunteering, or working in a health care environment. Tell us about a healthcare-related experience or another significant interaction that deepened your interest in studying Nursing Don’t feel like you need to highlight a huge moment here - rather, focus on something that’s significant to you even if that experience was small! The key to this prompt is to make sure that you’re highlighting something real that happened to you or someone important to you. The more personal you can make the experience, the better. Saying something like â€Å"I want to solve cancer for everyone† is less impactful than saying that you have seen firsthand how cancer affected your grandmother. Nursing is a personal profession - lean into that for this essay. Kinesiology Program - Discuss experiences that led you to choose the kinesiology major. For this prompt, focus on one or two experiences and discuss them in detail. Don’t give an entire overview of your history - describing something more fully will resonate more than trying to cram a lot of experiences into a relatively short essay. Be honest about what drove you to kinesiology - don’t write what you think the admissions committee wants to hear. Write what’s true for you. UVA Prompt #2: The instructions are the same for all of the second round of UVA prompts: "Answer one of the following questions in a half page or roughly 250 words." You only need to pick one of these questions to answer. What’s your favorite word and why? With a prompt like this, it can be tempting to want to impress the admissions committee with your knowledge of esoteric vocabulary. Don’t go that route, unless you have a true connection to a strange, rarely used word. Pick a word that’s meaningful to you - something that’s very specific to you. The key here isn’t to pick the most interesting word, it’s to have the most meaningful and memorable experience to back it up. If â€Å"family† is really important to you, you need to have a good reason - simply saying you love your parents isn’t enough. Focus on the â€Å"why† rather than the word and you’ll be on the right track. We are a community with quirks, both in language and in traditions. Describe one of your quirks and why it is part of who you are. This prompt offers you a chance to show off a side of yourself that the rest of your application doesn’t highlight. Take advantage of it! Do you have a passion for collecting Minnie Mouse figurines? Do you have to run four miles every single morning? Do you stop everything you’re doing whenever the Red Sox are playing? Do your parents always make fun of you for pronouncing a word strangely? Whatever your quirk is, now’s the time to celebrate it! Write freely and without embarrassment - a quirk is a quirk! It’s not supposed to seem normal. The admissions committee won’t judge you for your quirk. They want to learn the interesting parts about your personality. Student self-governance, which encourages student investment and initiative, is a hallmark of the UVA culture. In her fourth year at UVA, Laura Nelson was inspired to create Flash Seminars, one-time classes which facilitate high-energy discussion about thought-provoking topics outside of traditional coursework. If you created a Flash Seminar, what idea would you explore and why? The topic you choose doesn’t have to be high-brow or exceedingly academic - rather, you need to pick a topic that’ll inspire thought-provoking conversations. If that conversation is, â€Å"What does Kim Kardashian say about the future of advertising?† that’s fine! As long as the topic is important to you. As with the other prompts, the word â€Å"why† is the most important of this prompt. You need to have a strong reason for wanting to explore this topic. If you want to talk about Kim Kardashian, that’s cool - as long as you can indicate why this is a topic worthy of discussion. UVA students paint messages on Beta Bridge when they want to share information with our community. What would you paint on Beta Bridge and why is this your message? As with the other prompts, the â€Å"why† is the most important part of this question. Whatever message you land on, make sure you have a good reason for it. Avoid trite or cliched phrases, like â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world.† The admissions committee will have seen thousands of these - and those words are probably already written on Beta Bridge. What do you have to say? What message is personal to you? What lesson have you learned that you specifically can communicate? UVA students are charged with pushing the boundaries of knowledge to serve others and contribute to the common good. Give us an example of how you’ve used what you’ve learned to make a positive impact in another person’s life. First and foremost: don’t make something up here. Don’t say that you spent months devoted to helping a family whose father was suffering from cancer if that’s just not true. While this prompt does encourage you to share how you’ve served people, it’s not a contest. You don’t have to have the grandest and most impressive example of selflessness that the committee’s ever read. What you do need to have is sincerity - talk about how you helped someone and why that experience was so impactful. Explain what led you to help and reflect on how UVA might inspire similar feelings of service in you. How to Write UVA Essays Here are some general tips for how to write UVA essays that will wow the committee. #1: Be You Your UVA supplement essay is a chance to show the admissions committee who you are. Take that opportunity to flesh yourself out. You’re not simply a collection of A’s and B’s printed on a transcript. You’re a real person! Show that in your UVA essays. #2: Feedback Is Cool; Plagiarism Is Not It can be tempting to bounce essay ideas off your peers, parents, and teachers. That’s fine! But don’t rely on them too heavily. Your work should be your own - from the ideas to the execution. There’s a fine line between receiving helpful feedback and using that feedback in a way that misrepresents your work and ability. Seek out help, but know that you have the first and final say. #3: Play With Form Your UVA essays don't have to follow the traditional five paragraph structure. UVA encourages you to play with form. That means you can submit a poem, if you want! Take advantage of the freedom from structure to write in a way that feels authentic to you. If that means starting every sentence with the letter â€Å"E†, then go for it! As long as your work is well-written and engaging, the form doesn’t matter. What’s Next? There are over 5,000 colleges in the United States- how can you possibly decide which to apply to? Using a college finder tool can help you sort through your options and find your ideal school without having to tour every single campus. Once you've decided on some colleges or universities that you're interested in attending, our guide will help you narrow down your list to safeties, matches, and reach school. Still not sure what you're looking for in a college?Read our articles on whether you should go to a school close to home and whether you should attend a large or small college. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Essay Sample on Hypothesis Testing My Educational Experience in the US and Saudi Arabia

Essay Sample on Hypothesis Testing My Educational Experience in the US and Saudi Arabia The first hypothesis states that there would be a strong correlation between the years of residency of students in the US and how uncomfortable Saudi students who are working in the classroom with an opposite gender and how uncomfortable the Saudi students working in pairs or small groups with students of the opposite gender. It was tested using the quantitative survey where the students were to answer questions. An example of such as the number 11 question that my ESL teacher in the US encourage contrasting opinions and points of view more than my Saudi teacher and #14 that required the students to comment on whether their ESL teachers in the United States encouraged more verbal responses from the students the their Saudi counterparts. Following the analysis on the available studies on the subject through the belief held by the literature, ESL teachers based in the US encouraged verbal communication to and with the students. On the other hand it was different in Saudi Arabia where the classroom lessons were not student-focussed as it was teacher-focused and the objectives were memorization of the language. The hypothesis was also designed to test US ESL are far better versed in student-focussed pedagogies than their Saudi counterparts. the formulated hypothesis was proven to be true that the majority of the participants said that the teachers from the US encouraged verbal communication by emphasizing on participation more than the Saudi counterparts. Generally more than half of the participants agreed with this statement. The second hypothesis stated there would be a strong correlation between English teachers in the US do a better job of meeting my specific language needs than do the Saudi English teachers. the other hypothesis states Saudi students ESL teachers in the US use much wider range of materials in class than Saudi ESL English teachers. Also question # 13 stated Saudi ESL teachers in the US encourage the students to out additional information on topics from the library, internet and many other sources more than the Saudi ESL teachers. The second hypothesis was tested using cumulative survey by questionnaires. The question #16 focused on obtaining information in regard to uncomfortable working in the classroom with an instructor from the opposite gender The questionnaire also asked the students to respond to #17 which stated that uncomfortable working in pairs or small groups with students of the opposite gender. There results indicate that there is a balance between those who supported that students are ok with different sex teachers in the classroom and those that were against this claim. To the students learning English as their second language from Saudi Arabia the gender of the teacher is important. The female Saudi were found to be gender selective but not male counterparts. The third hypothesis stated that There would be a strong correlation between the Saudi student overall education experience in the US if it has been similar to the education experience in Saudi Arabia and the other question in the questionnaire stated the learning environment in the US is much less structured than in Saudi classroom (#18). This was vested using the quantitative survey. Hypothesis stated that My ESL teacher in the US use a much wider range of materials in class than my teacher. the other read English teachers in the US used visual aids and other real objects to help make connections with the language more than in Saudi English teachers (#19). The finding was that this is partially true. The opinions are polarized between those that believe that the teachers use teaching aids and those that do not. By use of the hypothesis it helps correct some of the beliefs. For instance in the questionnaire #6 stated that my overall educational experience here in the United States has been very similar to my education in Saudi Arabia. Hence by use of this hypothesis there are conclusions that can be made.

Hobbes and Internationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hobbes and Internationalism - Essay Example Hobbes’ State of Nature It would be taxing for anyone vaguely familiar with Hobbes to not be aware of his widely quoted vision of man’s brutal and short life in the state of nature. For Hobbes, man’s equality in the state of nature is the cause of his terrible existence in that every man has the right to everything, which causes conflict. Man possesses an inherent selfishness which causes him to strive constantly for self-preservation, and in turn is the cause of his suffering (or seeking) competition, glory, and distrust. Such a state is ultimately â€Å"no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death† (1996: xiii). This is not to say that man is a blundering, blind fool simply seeking to grab that which promises to bring greater comfort and success to his life. Rather, man is in possession of reason, which causes him to grasp an understanding of right and wrong conduct. Yet, because no formal standards of right and wrong exist in a state of nature, opinions and rights clash and differ. This is not to assume that Hobbes denies the universality of morality or natural law, rather man is governed by agreements and contracts. However, Hobbes’ contracts are a product of the selfishness of man, and hence are not based upon any form of honour or trust because they will be valid to the point that an individual believes that another will not fall foul of his promise. An example would be that Y does not punch Z because Y does not want Z to punch him. This ‘contract’ is formed on pure selfishness, and only extends to the point that Z complies with the agreement. If Y feels that Z’s agreement lacks strength, he will quickly feel free to break his part of the contract. Such contracts, because they are without honour and because they are a product of selfishness, are very likely to be breached. If we are to apply these points on an international scale, some contradictions emerge. While on the surface it would appear that each state has the right to do anything, the existence of equality is highly questionable. Hobbes evidently thinks that a â€Å"genuine condition of war† exists between states (Hokestra 2007: 118), though not their individuals; rather their sovereigns who are constantly â€Å"in the state and posture of gladiators† (1996: xiii, 12, 63/78). The lack of common power on an international level today is evident, yet could this be utilised to lead to the conclusion that each state is constantly read for, or under threat of war? The temptation to answer this query negatively is backed by the concept of equality. Indeed, there is a great deal of â€Å"radical uncertainty† surrounding the cooperation between states (Newey 2008: 161). Though Hobbes saw men as equal in a state of nature, it could not be said that all states are equal; the opposite is actually evident. America certainly does not feel the need to harbour pre-emptive aggres sion against countries such as Iceland, for example. This leads to the conclusion that internationally, states are in a state of war as man is in the state of nature (Bull 1977: 49). This concept can also be applied to Hobbes’ view of man in nature as essentially unsociable: states across the globe often enter into mutually beneficial agreements. Even larger states provide aid to third world countries, particularly after crises and where poverty is extreme. Although these distinctions may be rather primitive, they gather much ground in establishing weaknesses in Hobbes’ theory being applied on an international level. Man in the state of nature is certainly more equal than countries in the ‘

DEVELOMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - METHODOLOGIES OF CHILDHOOD PREJUDICE Essay

DEVELOMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - METHODOLOGIES OF CHILDHOOD PREJUDICE - Essay Example vities of young children within the social setting in which they find themselves impress meanings upon them more profoundly than through their intellectual grasp of their surroundings (2003). Methods used by researchers have been chosen in order to probe the areas in which social conditioning occur, as well as to detect the social representations given different objects and interactions that can be found or are known to occur in different environments. Their experiments have captured empirically the results of this kind of social representation by facilitating children and adults’ precise designation of the gender to which objects are believed to be best associated. Through this they have demonstrated the different levels at which this type of social conditioning occurs, as well as the prejudices that result and that become evident at different stages of children’s development. Developmental psychologists have theorised that gender assumptions, beliefs, values and prejudices become embedded through the social representations that are available to them in their environment (Sanders, 2003). Ideas about the behaviours and expectations of males and females are learned in ways similar to those in which people learn colour and speech: through interaction with others in the social settings in which they find themselves. These ideas are learned socially and then internalised, and it is these ideas that compact together to form the gender prejudices that are displayed in children. After this period of internalisation, the attitudes and behaviours displayed by persons become unconsciously imbued with these beliefs and their expression of them causes their inculcation in future generations. The method of research by Lloyd and Duveen (1993) has demonstrated the high likelihood of identities to become formed through socialisation that occurs within a specific group. This has highlighted the diversity that exists among the identities that children have expressed, but in