Creativity in Translation Essay Example for Free

Creativity in Translation Essay 1. Introduction Translation has been defined as follows: â€Å"The replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. † (Schjoldager 2008: 17) However, most translators will argue that translation is much more than that. And I will too. Translation has many purposes and many different audiences – and therefore, the same text can have several different translations. But do translators take advantage of the option of being creative when translating? This project will try to respond to this particular question. 2. Problem statement. With reference to the hypothesis and questions beneath, this project will focus on how and why creativity can be used in translation. The aim is to examine how creative translators are when translating different text types. The degree of creativity used in translation varies enormously when translating different text types. How can creativity in translation be defined? Why can a translator be creative in some text types – and not in others? Which role does the culture of the target group play? 3. Method and delimitation This project will constitute an empirical case study of different translated texts by means of a  comparative analysis of the source texts1 and target texts2. Initially, the notion of translation will be defined using primarily Anne Schjoldager’s, Hans Vermeer’s, Christiane Nord’s and Katharina Reiss’ theories on the subject. Different relevant and important terms will be explained for use later in the analysis. Creativity in relation to translation will then be defined and also, I will determine and delimitate this project’s definition of creativity by suggesting ‘a model of creativity in translation’. This part will be based on Schjoldager’s  aforementioned theories as well as Loffredo and Perteghella’s theory on creativity and translation. Subsequently, I will analyse eleven translated texts of the types: journalistic texts, advertising texts, tourism texts and technical texts, in order to determine their level of creativity. Using Anne Schjoldager’s models of macro- and microstrategies and Christiane Nord’s theories of extratextual and intratextual factors, the textual analyses will include genre determination, 1 From now on termed ’ST’. 2 From now on termed ’TT’. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 4 of 35 accounting of the communicative situation and purpose as well as elaboration on the microstrategies used by the translator. The TTs will be compared to their STs in order to decide which microstrategies have been applied in the process of translation. The approach to analysis will be the same for all eleven cases as this will produce the most reliable result when discussing the outcome. In selecting the texts for analysis I have distinguished between actual translation and copywriting. Thus, all the TTs are clearly translations of a ST, and the data consists entirely of texts that have been translated from Danish to English. As a supplement to the analysis, I have included a quantitative counting of the creative microstrategies applied in each TT. The purpose of this counting is solely to provide an illustrative representation of the occurrences of creative strategies in the TTs. Given that the body of empirical data in this project is relatively small, it will only allow me to attempt to come to inductive conclusions founded on generalisations which I base on individual instances and existing theory. In other words, this study can only constitute an indication, and a larger data basis would be necessary for deriving results of greater veracity. 4. Introduction to translation theory 4. 1. Defining translation In order to carry out precise analyses of the translated texts, the concepts involved must be clearly defined. Therefore, this introductory part of the project will elaborate the notion of translation and important concepts which will be employed in the succeeding parts. 4. 1. 1. The skopos theory The skopos theory is the best known functional approach to translation, and it has had great influence on professional translation. Skopos is the Greek word for ‘Intention’, ‘purpose’ or ‘function’ and Vermeer, who evolved the theory uses this term to emphasise the purpose with the TT, which he sees as the most important factor in the translation process (Vermeer 2000: 224). The claim of the theory is that, exactly like all other communication, translation requires a purpose (skopos) and the translator of course have to abide by this. The so-called ‘skopos rule’ (Schjoldager 2008: 154) says that it is important for all translators to translate conscientiously and always in accordance with a given skopos. However, one ST can have several ‘skopoi’ since the different  parts of it can be translated for different reasons. This project will use the notion of skopos in the sense described by Schjoldager (2008: 154); the aim of the TT. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst. 4. 1. 2. Presuppositions Another essential notion in translation theory is the one of presuppositions. According to Nord (2005: 106), ‘presuppositions comprise all the information that the sender expects (=presupposes) to  be part of the receiver’s horizon. ’ This project will adopt Nord’s interpretation of the term, and presuppositions are therefore regarded as the elements of the communicative situation – in this case, the texts – which are known to both sender and reader and which do not need to be mentioned explicitly. When translators translate a text, they are receivers of the ST and therefore share the implicit presuppositions of the source culture. Hence, the presuppositions do not ‘appear’ until a text is translated and targeted at new receivers in the target culture (Nord 2005: 106). 4. 1. 3. Reiss’ text types. Katharina Reiss’ notion of text types mainly focuses on different texts’ functions in the culture they were produced in and how these functions can be reflected in the translation of the text. She defines translation as the functionally equivalent text of the source text in the target culture. So, her idea of translation depends on the function and creation of the equivalent of it in the target culture. Reiss defines three main functions; Informative, expressive, and operative3. The functional characteristics of the three text types are depicted in the table below. Text type: Informative Expressive Operative. Language function Informative (representing objects and facts) Expressive (expressing sender’s attitude) Appellative (making an appeal to text receiver) Language dimension Logical Aesthetic Dialogic Text focus Content-focused Form-focused Appellative-focused TT should†¦ Transmit referential content Transmit aesthetic form Elicit desired response Translation method ‘Plain prose’, explicitation as required ‘Identifying’ method, adopt perspective of ST author ‘Adaptive’, equivalent effect Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods (Reiss in Munday 2008: 73). 3 Reiss also includes the audiomedial text type which will be excluded here as it only concerns visual and spoken texts etc. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 6 of 35 4. 2. Macrostrategy In order for the translator to decide how to translate a given text, he would have to estimate which macrostrategy would be appropriate. A macrostrategy can either be ST oriented or TT oriented. A  translator should always decide which macrostrategy to employ to a TT with respect to the skopos of the ST. Anne Schjoldager (2008: 71) suggests that the translator should take three aspects into consideration which will help deciding on a macrostrategy. She has set up the three aspects in the model below: ST oriented macrostrategy TT oriented macrostrategy Focus on source-text form and content Focus on target-text effect Communication of somebody else’s communication Mediation between primary parties in a communication Overt translation Covert translation A model of macrostrategies (Schjoldager 2008: 72) If the translator is expected to focus on form and content of the ST, to be a communicator of someone else’s communication and to make the translation overt, the result will be a ST oriented translation. On the contrary, if focus is on the effect of the TT, the translator functions as a mediator and produces a covert translation, the result is a TT oriented translation (Schjoldager 2008: 71-72). 4. 3. Microstrategies After having decided on the macrostrategy, the microstrategies must be considered by the translator. The microstrategies applied in the text tell us something about how the translator has chosen to deal  with specific problems or issues. That is, at the micro level, i. e. in connection with words, phrases and sentences (Schjoldager 2008: 89). The strategy at micro level decides how the ST should be translated in order to produce an appropriate TT. Below is Anne Schjoldager’s ‘Taxonomy of microstrategies’. A more elaborate account of the microstrategies relevant for the analysis will be presented later in connection with my definition of creativity in translation (cf. section 5. 2). Direct transfer Transfers something unchanged. Calque Transfers the structure or makes a very close translation. Direct translation Translates in a word-for-word procedure. Oblique translation Translates in a sense-for-sense procedure. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 7 of 35 Explicitation Makes implicit information explicit. Paraphrase Translates rather freely. Condensation Translates in a shorter way, which may involve implication (making explicit information implicit). Adaptation Recreates the effect, entirely or partially. Addition Adds a unit of meaning. Substitution Changes the meaning. Deletion Leaves out a unit of meaning. Permutation Translates in a different place. A taxonomy of microstrategies (Schjoldager 2008: 92) 5. Creativity in translation In order to answer the question ‘how can creativity in translation be defined’, this project will suggest a model of creativity in translation, based on Anne Schjoldager’s taxonomy of microstrategies above, Loffredo and Perteghella’s theory on creativity and my own characterisation of creativity. According to Loffredo and Perteghella (2006: 9) ‘creativity is still regarded as a  spontaneous process readily associated with a special individual and a sort of freedom, which is sustained by an individualistic conception of authorship According to this conception, the author freely expresses his thought and feelings in writing. ’ This project, however, will have a somewhat narrower definition of creativity. The twelve aforementioned microstrategies posed by Anne Schjoldager can be divided into more and less creative strategies. Characteristic for some of them is that they do not alter, add or remove any linguistic or semantic meaning when applied to the TT. This goes for direct transfer, calque, direct translation and oblique translation4 which all translates close or very close to the ST (Schjoldager 2008: 93-99). Therefore, I do not consider these creative microstrategies, and texts translated using solely these cannot be considered creative translations. On the contrary, the remaining eight strategies do all in some way add to the level of creativity when applied in a translation. Though the semantic meaning is by some means rendered, there are linguistic changes when employing these strategies. Within these eight creative strategies, the degree of creativity varies as well. The model of creativity classifies the strategies explicitation, condensation and deletion as slightly creative since they merely involve elaborating on existing 4 To some extent, oblique translation can also be regarded a creative strategy, as smaller linguistic changes can occur in connection with the use of it. Though, in this project, I have chosen not to include it as a creative strategy. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 8 of 35 meaning, shortening text and taking out meaning. The top five strategies, however, are rewriting semantics of the ST or adding meaning which cannot be directly inferred from the ST. Therefore, I regard these as slightly more creative. A creative translation, though, still renders more or less all ST meaning, and this is what I find distinguishes actual translation from e. g. copywriting. 5. 1. Model of creativity High degree of creativity. Non-creative 5. 2. The creative microstrategies This section will shortly outline the important features of the above mentioned creative  microstrategies; that is, the topmost eight in the model of creativity. 5. 2. 1. Explicitation Explicitation makes implicit information explicit, to put it briefly. In literary translation, the strategy is often used to make texts more cohesive, but it is also seen in other kinds of translation. It is used when there is a need to expand on something, e. g. cultural bound references or presuppositions not shared by the TT audience. What makes this strategy creative is the fact that a unit of meaning is added to the text; although it can be directly inferred from the ST (Schjoldager 2008: 99-100). Substitution Permutation Adaptation Paraphrase Addition Deletion Condensation Explicitation Oblique translation Direct translation Calque Direct transfer Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 9 of 35 5. 2. 2. Condensation Condensation translates a ST unit in a shorter way which may involve making explicit information implicit; implicitation. Condensation renders the already existing contextual meaning in a shorter  way and is therefore only considered slightly creative. (Schjoldager 2008: 102). 5. 2. 3. Deletion Deletion is leaving out a ST unit of meaning from the TT. The unit is completely taken out and is not implicitly present, as is the case in condensation (Schjoldager 2008: 108). In that way, this microstrategy is somewhat creative although not considered one of the most creative. 5. 2. 4. Addition When a unit of meaning is added to the TT, Schjoldager (2008: 104-105) refers to it as addition. The added unit cannot be directly deduced from the ST, thus, addition is different from explicitation  and is also slightly more creative. 5. 2. 5. Paraphrase By paraphrasing, ST meaning is rendered, though quite freely. The TT elements can seem somewhat different to those of the ST but the contextual meaning of the elements corresponds. It can be hard to define just how the two units of meaning correspond; however, there is no doubt that they do (Schjoldager 2008: 100-101). Therefore, this strategy can be considered creative. 5. 2. 6. Adaptation Adaptation is one of the most creative strategies as it does not necessarily render any contextual meaning, but rather recreates the effect of a ST item in the TT. It is applied, for example, where cultural references in the ST cannot be translated or explicated. It is somewhat similar to oblique translation and paraphrase, but is more creative and is often applied, where the translator wants to ‘imitate the source-text author’s thinking process’ (Schjoldager 2008: 103). That is, the translator ‘adapts’ the text to the TT audience and culture. When applying this strategy to larger units in a translation, it can be discussed whether it is actual translation or copywriting. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst. Page 10 of 35 5. 2. 7. Permutation Permutation is mostly used in literary translations. It translates ST effects in a different place in the TT. It is applied when a given ST effect cannot be rendered in the TT for linguistic or stylistic reasons. Hence, the effect is recreated somewhere else in the TT (Schjoldager 2008: 109). 5. 2. 8. Substitution Again we are dealing with a rather creative strategy as substitution involves changing the meaning of a ST unit. The TT unit is clearly a translation of the ST, but the semantic meaning has changed (Schjoldager 2008: 106). 6. Approach to analysis In order to comment on the level of creativity in the translated texts, an analysis of both extratextual and intratextual factors must be carried out. According to Nord (2005: 43-141), the extratextual factors are aspects concerning e. g. sender, audience, medium and text function, while the intratextual factors involve subject matter, content, genre and register. In my analyses of the TTs, I will take both extratextual and intratextual factors into consideration, as well as discuss the macro-  and microstrategies applied in the translations. The extratextual analysis will be partly inspired by Reiss’ theories on text types, and I will also make use of Anne Schjoldager’s above-mentioned ‘Model of macrostrategies’ and ‘Taxonomy of microstrategies’. The analysis will be carried out with awareness of the fact that all microstrategies cannot be ‘placed in watertight boxes’ and conclusions will therefore be drawn on the basis of a somewhat subjective interpretation of the microstrategies. 6. 1. The data The eleven texts have been chosen in an attempt to cover different text types and genres within  different fields. Because of the limited time and lack of space, it is only possible to include a restricted number of texts in the analysis, which is why I have chosen four different types and analysed two or three examples within each. In all cases, I assume that the texts have originally been written in Danish and then translated into English given that only texts from Danish companies have been selected. All STs and TTs have a length of approximately one standard page and can therefore be considered rather short texts. The data is typical data, representative of many  other texts of the same type as they are chosen more or less randomly from their natural context. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 11 of 35 7. Analysis 7. 1. Journalistic texts Journalistic texts belong partly to Reiss’ ’informative text type’. Journalistic texts, such as news paper articles and press releases perform the function of communicating ‘information, knowledge opinions etc. ’ (Munday 2008: 72) as facts must be reported correctly. Of course, the journalistic text type is a vague term and certain texts within the category will also be characterised by the expressive and operative function according to the field and skopos of the text. This section will comprise analysis of three texts within the journalistic type; a press release, a news article and a business article. 7. 1. 1. Analysis of ‘DSB wins fourth rail contact in Sweden’ The text which is of the written medium was published on DSB’s website. It is a press release informing readers about DSB’s new rail contract in Sweden. The receivers of the text, the readers,  are foreign users of DSB’s website and in particular those with an interest in DSB’s business concern and in business in general. The text is a translation of the Danish press release ‘DSB vinder fjerde togkontrakt i Sverige’, and I assume that it is translated by a professional translator (Schjoldager 2008: 29). It is an interlingual translation as the Danish article has been translated into another language: English. When readers of the press release enter the English website of DSB, the translation will appear covert to them, but since it is obvious that DSB is a Danish company and their corporate language is  Danish, readers should be aware of the fact that they are reading a translation, and I will categorise the translation as more overt than covert (Schjoldager 2008: 31). Generally seen, the translator of this text has mostly made use of the microstrategies direct translation and oblique. These render the content of the TT very close to the ST and are therefore not considered creative strategies according to my definition of creativity (cf. chapter 5). However, there are a few examples of deletion and explicitation (appendix 1). Microstrategy ST TT Deletion ‘( )der ligger i det centrale Sydsverige lige syd for Sveriges n?m  ststorste so Vattern. †¦ Appendix 2 and 3 The Danish sentence ‘( )der ligger i det centrale Sydsverige lige syd for Sveriges n? ststorste so Vattern. ’ has been left out in the English translation. This is an example of deletion. As the TT is Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 12 of 35 probably intended for foreigners who might not have any knowledge of the geography of Sweden,  the translator has most likely found the information irrelevant and simply left it out. It does not change the meaning or effect of the ST, and so, the translator is free to be a bit creative and delete it. Apart from the few instances of deletion and explicitation, the press release has been translated in a fairly ST-oriented way. The skopos of the TT, and perhaps of press releases in general, is assumedly to be solely informing people of news and new initiatives of the company. In other words, this is an example of a predominantly informative text type. Moreover, one could  imagine that a big company like DSB would attempt to standardise all official communication with its customers and other stakeholders, regardless of the native language. 7. 1. 2. Analysis of ’Claims of bribery at tax authority’ The text is an online news paper article published at www. politiken. dk on March 24 2010, and it is a translation of the Danish text ‘Eks-kontorchef: Skattechef fik store middage af firma’. It is an article informing about bribery at the Danish tax authority SKAT. The target audience – both of the Danish and the English version – are readers of politiken. dk and perhaps in particular those with an  interest in business matters and the company SKAT. The TT is a written, interlingual translation and presumably, the ST has been translated by a professional translator (Schjoldager 2008: 29). When readers of the article enter the site with the English news, the translation will appear covert to them. Though they might be aware of the fact that the TT is a translation, it is of no significance to them as they are not expected to know the ST (Schjoldager: 32). Therefore, the translation can be categorised as covert. The translation of this text is characterised by the use of quite a few creative strategies (appendix 1)). The TT is as such not very close to the ST, but still, it must be categorised a translation since more or less all information communicated by the ST is included in the TT as well. Some of the strategies which make this translation rather creative are addition, deletion and especially paraphrase. In this analysis, though, I will only include a few examples of paraphrase, as an assessment of them all would be too extensive. Microstrategy ST TT Paraphrase Eks-kontorchef: Skattechefer fik store middage af firma Claims of bribery at tax authority Appendix 4 and 5. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L.  F. Holst Page 13 of 35 The first creative strategies are seen in the headline and the subheading. The Danish headline ‘Eks- kontorchef: Skattechefer fik store middage af firma’ is translated into ‘Claims of bribery at tax authority’. The ST meaning is rendered, though in a slightly different way. The ST headline has an agent; namely the ‘eks-kontorchef’ who claims the bribery. Whereas the TT headline expresses the action with a noun. That is, the translator has chosen not to just apply direct translation even though it is possible. He has translated it in a more creative way by using the strategy of paraphrase. Microstrategy ST TT Paraphrase Tidligere kontorchef advarer i Jyllands- Posten om bestikkelse i Skat. Former tax authority department head goes whistleblower. Appendix 4 and 5. Also the subheading has not been translated by means of the more direct, non-creative microstrategies. Again, the ST meaning is rendered but in a way that is difficult to define precisely. The Danish sentence contains more explicit information and also, the term ‘goes whistleblower’ is  sort of a fixed expression which gives the phrase a negative ring. Nevertheless, it does not add or take out meaning and therefore, it can be considered a creative translation. The examples of paraphrase together with the other creative microstrategies applied by the translator make the TT appear creative. As an article, the ST must still be considered an informative text type, and the TT is too, although the translation is somewhat TT oriented. 7. 1. 3. Analysis of ‘Vestas lands massive turbine order’ This TT is a translation of the Danish version ‘Vestas scorer historisk stor ordre’, which is found at www. politiken. dk; a Danish news website. It is a business article dealing with a new big turbine order of the Danish company Vestas. The target audience, therefore, consists of non Danish- speaking users of the website with an interest in Vestas’ businesses or in business in general. The TT is a written, intralingual translation from Danish to English, in all probability translated by a professional (Schjoldager 2008: 29). Users of the site with English news might be aware of the fact that the TT is a translation but like the previous example, it is of no significance to them as they are not expected to know the ST (Schjoldager 2008: 32). Hence, the translation will appear covert to them. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 14 of 35 The English TT is marked by several creative strategies of the kinds addition, deletion and explicitation (appendix 1). It is somewhat similar to the ST in both form and content, but many details have been altered or conformed to the target audience. Microstrategy ST TT Deletion Gl? de hos Vestas Deletion Aktion? rerne begejstrede Appendix 6 and 7. The above examples of deletion show that the two subheadings in the Danish ST has been left out in the TT which in fact is the case of many of the English news stories at politiken. dk. The example below is a very typical case of explicitation which is often found in relation to proper nouns and titles etc. which are presupposed by the source audience. Here it is the Danish company Vestas that has been explained to the foreign readers who might not share the presupposition that it is a Danish company. Microstrategy ST TT Explicitation Vindmollefabrikanten Vestas har faet sin  storste enkeltstaende ordre nogensinde Denmark’s wind turbine giant Vestas has landed its biggest single order ever. Appendix 6 and 7. The above examples, together with the additional cases of creative translation, do not make the TT appear as creative as one would think. This is probably due to the fact that, although there are many instances of creative translation in the text, the strategies applied do not belong to the most creative microstrategies; that is, the topmost strategies in the model of creativity (cf. section 5. 1). Therefore, the translation must be considered fairly ST oriented, with only the alterations required by the  culture of the target audience. 7. 1. 4. Initial conclusion The three analyses of journalistic texts show that the degree of creativity in the translations varies within this text type. The press release from DSB is translated quite close to the ST seeing that mostly non-creative strategies have been applied. The article from politiken. dk about SKAT, though, has been applied several creative strategies. This is also the case of the third article about Vestas, although the strategies employed belong to the slightly less creative ones, and therefore the Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 15 of 35 translation does not appear that creative. Even though the three texts all include elements of creativity, they are still associated with the informative text type, as the TTs do transmit the referential and conceptual content of the ST (cf. section 4. 1. ). The analysis could have included more different types of journalistic texts and articles; as for instance sports journalism and entertainment. That might have shown higher degrees of  creativity since these kinds of texts belong more to the expressive, TT oriented texts which aim to transmit the effect of the ST rather than the form and content (Munday 2008: 74). 7. 2. Tourism texts ‘The tourist brochure is an operative text. Its dominant function is to present material in such a way that it attracts attention and invites patronage. ’ (Snell-Hornby in Anderman Rogers: 1999: 95). The above extract concerns tourist brochures but can apply to all forms of tourism texts in general. Snell-Hornby argues that the main focus of tourism texts is the appeal to the audience, and that they  are culture bound. That is, their purpose and effect varies with the reader (Mary Snell-Hornby in Anderman Rogers: 1999: 95). According to Reiss (Munday 2008: 73), the tourist text is one of the hybrid text types since it provides information about a subject, attempts to persuade readers to visit a certain attraction, and at the same time it can have expressive features. In this section, three tourism texts from the web will be analysed. 7. 2. 1. Analysis of ’Petzi moves into Tivoli Gardens’ The text is a translation of the Danish ST ‘Rasmus Klump flytter ind I Tivoli’. It was published on  the website of the Danish amusement park, Tivoli, with the aim of informing tourists about a new attraction, Petzi’s World. Therefore, the target audience of this TT is tourists visiting Denmark or foreign people living in Denmark who plans to pay a visit to Tivoli. The TT is a written, interlingual translation and most likely, the ST has been translated by a professional translator commissioned by Tivoli (Schjoldager 2008: 29). Tourists entering the website are almost certainly aware of the fact that Tivoli is a Danish corporation; thus they know that they are reading translated texts when choosing the English version of the website.

Life Os Freud Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sigmund Freud is a name that to most of us sounds familiar. To many, he is known as the father of Psychology. He was one of the most influential figures in the twentieth century (B: 430). His theories revolutionized the world, and he founded his own school of Psychology. Although some regarded his work with hostility and disbelieve, many people still follows his believes and teachings until this day (A). But what about the man himself, his life, his family, his work and his studies? Next will find a brief story about him. Sigismund Scholomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia (this day it’s called Pribor in the Czech Republic) (A). Son of Jacob Freud and his third wife Amalia (which was 20 years younger), he was the first of a family of seven children (A). When he was three years old, fleeing from the anti-Semitic riots then raging in Freiberg, his family moved to Leipzig, Germany. A year later they moved again to Vienna, where he lived there until the year prior to his death (1938)(C). Freud was extremely bright and ambitious. He changed his name to the abbreviation we all know him by in 1877 (B: 430). Although Freud’s ambition from childhood had been a career in law, he decided to become a medical student shortly before he entered Vienna University in 1873 (C). As a student, he began research work on the central nervous system, guided by Ernst von Brucke (A). He graduated as a physician in 1881, and proved to be an outstanding physiological researcher (B: 430). Early in his career, he was among the first to study a new drug that had anesthetic and mood altering effects, know as cocaine. Although he discovered cocaine’s anesthetic properties, one of his colleagues received credit for his work, thing that upset him a lot. And to increase his disappointment, his enthusiasm quickly faded when he realized that this new drug was addictive (D: 522-523). Although he left Freiberg as a young child, escaping from the anti-Semitic movement, he still had to deal with a lot of that bad acceptance in his new home. In Vienna, prospects for an academic career in scientific research were very poor for a Jew. So he gave up physiological research for a private practice in neurology, specializing in nervous disorders (A, B: 430). While this was happening, Freud got married to Martha Bernays in 1886. The couple had six children, and the youngest one, A... ... daughter Anna was detained for questioning by the Gestapo, Freud decided to move his family to England (B: 433). A year later, his cancer returned. This time it took its toll. Sigmund Freud died in England at the age of 83 (A).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality by his demonstration of the existence and force of the unconscious. Also, he founded a new medical discipline and formulated basic therapeutic procedures that in modified form are applied widely in the present-day treatment of neuroses and psychoses. Although never accorded full recognition during his lifetime, Freud is generally acknowledged as one of the great creative minds of modern times. Today, his legacy continues to influence psychology, philosophy, literature and art (B: 432, C). Bibliography. - A.- Http//www.geocities.com/Eureka/Promenade/1919. B.- Psychology, second edition, by Hockenbury & Hockenbury. C.- Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000 D.- Adjustment & Growth in a Changing World, fifth edition, by Napoli, Kilbride and Tebbs. E.- Elementary Principles of Behavior, fourth edition, by Malott, Malott and Trojan.

A Wallet Found

On December 20, 2008, I woke up with a cheery disposition as I thought about the fast approaching Christmas Eve. I was very excited about it as this is a time when the whole family gathers and relatives from all over the state visit and stay for the night.This year, the venue is our home which makes the event more exciting. On this morning, the whole family went together to the Sunday Church Service as was our custom. My parents, being devoted Christians, always attend Church on Sundays and have instilled to us, their children, the same habit.We had a pleasant time at the service as the pastor was very eloquent in his sermon and touched on matters that were important and significant today. After the service, my parents and I parted ways as they went on to our house while I was tasked to do grocery shopping for the Christmas Eve celebration at our home. Since the grocery was a just a few blocks away, I opted to walk and savor the fresh air.As I neared the grocery store, I stopped to t ie the laces of my rubber shoes. While knotting it back, I noticed a small wallet off to the side of the pavement, partially covered by a bin of garbage. I was surprised and I started to pick up the small brown wallet. I contemplated on whether to open the wallet or just give it to some security officer insider the grocery store. I then proceeded inside the grocery however my curiosity got the better of me so I entered the washroom and sat inside one of the vacant cubicles. I started to open the wallet and look inside.Inside the wallet, my eyes got huge as I found approximately 2,914 dollars in cash. My first thought was â€Å"Whoa. This is a lot of money† and for a moment, I just stood there dumbstruck and at a loss as to what action to take. I then found five credit cards inside the wallet will the pin number of each credit card written on a piece of sticky paper and attached at the back of the card. After a few seconds, I will be honest in saying that my mind started to ru n down on how I could use the money: the things I could buy and such. But then I stopped myself and started to delve inside the wallet to look for any identification cards.   

Mgt 510

People Management, the Mantra for Success: The Case of Singhania and Partner Jameelah Richardson Dr. Finn MGT 510 September 10, 2012 In this paper we will discuss the case of Singhania and Partner. We would examine the case of Singhania and Partners and evaluate the organization’s strategy. Next we would evaluate each of the five IHRM practices with respect to recruitment and selection, training for cross-cultural adaptation, management development, evaluation, and compensation. Later we will discuss which of the five practices can be approved.Afterwards, we would make recommendations to management to successfully improve the current IHRM strategy. Finally, we would explain how the recommended changes impact the organization in the industry. Examine the Case of Singhania and Partners and Evaluate the Organization’s Strategy Singhania & Partners is known as a full service national law firm. This firm is known for being successful with international corporate and comm ercial, litigation, and arbitration and intellectual property in law. The company was founded by Ravi Singhania and Manju Mohorta.Ravi Singhania was the founder and managing partner while Mohorta was the Chief Executive. Both Ravi and Manu were concerned about the HR practices currently used by the firm and if the company faces human resource risks. It seemed that the firm is facing a high attrition rate in the Indian legal services industry and this is causing an alarming problem. There has been a shift between legal firms and partners. It seems the entry of foreign law firms into India could create more competition between law firms.They should focus more on gaining trust of their employees. Gaining the respect of your employees will create positive work environments and relationships within the firm. It would also deflate stress and uncertainty while being in that work environment. Evaluate Each of the Five IHRM Practices with Respect to Recruitment and Selection, Training for Cr oss-Cultural Adaptation, Management Development, Evaluation, and Compensation Recruitment of staff should be sought after a complete analysis of the job to be done.An analytical study would focus on the tasks that need to be performed to determine valuable factors. A written job description would be beneficial so the employer would know what physical and mental characteristics one should possess and what qualities and attitudes are desirable. The  Recruitment and Selection Process  is one of the basic HR Processes. Recruitment and Selection is very sensitive as many managers have a need to hire a new employee and this process is always under a strict monitoring from their side.The  Recruitment and Selection Process  must be simple and must be robust enough to operate excellently in the moment of the insufficient number of candidates on the job market and the process must be also able to process a large number of candidates within given time limit (Richards, 2008). Cross-cult ural training encompasses a combination of translation, instructional design and cultural adaptation, each of which is required to convey new concepts to a target audience in another country.Simply translating training material will not work, as it fails to take into account the cultural factors that influence the trainees' perceptions (Smith, 2004). With Management development, you must look at the strategy of the organization and address that there are well trained managers in play to ensure the organization is on the right path of completing their goals. Basically an evaluation / appraisal scheme is a formalization of what is done in a more casual manner anyway (e. g. if there is a vacancy, discussion about internal moves and internal attempts to put square pegs into ‘squarer holes' are both the results of casual evaluation).Most managers approve merit payment and that too calls for evaluation, made a standard routine task, it aids the development of talent, warns the ineff icient or uncaring and can be an effective form of motivation (Richards, 2008). Compensation Strategy  is one of the most important strategies in the HRM function as it influences the costs of the organization and potential bad decision can lead to very serious damages to the organization (Richards, 2008). Discuss which of the Five Practices can be improved In my opinion, both recruitment and selection and compensation could be improved.Today, a lot of people are chosen for a job on how they look or because they know someone which isn’t fair to the person who actually has the experience to complete the job. Even if you don’t have that much experience for the job but your educational background introduces you to what the job entails you should still be giving a chance to perform at your best. Most college students are not giving a chance to start a job in their major because you’re expected to have 5 to 7 years’ experience early on but how do you obtain that if you’re learning the basics of what is expected in that particular field?I feel if you were introduce to what the field entails then you should be given a chance to perform the task either way you will be trained to do that job right? Compensation is the most important factor in HR yet employees work hard and get compensated less. It seems that organizations put so many stipulations into play to get compensated that once you receive it you’re like I did all of this for that what was the point?If you expect your employees to perform at their best level and keep that same drive every month, compensation should be both a reachable and achievable goal so in the end everybody wins the employer, employee, and the organization as a whole. Make Recommendations to Management to Successfully Improve the Current IHRM Strategy International Human Resource Management Strategy (IHRM) is the recruitment, selection, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation, and labor relations (Cullen, 2011).Management needs to be cautious of who they’re choosing to complete the task at hand. Education and experience should play in major part in the recruitment and selection process. With college students, they are aware of what the job is and what it entails but in order for the individual to complete the job the way you want it you must train them. Afterwards, then evaluate them on their performance to determine if they’re a right fit for the organization. Compensation must improve and employees should be acknowledge for the hard work that is put in day in and day out.If employees feel their being treated with the upmost respect, receiving job recognition and compensation for what they’re doing production would be meeting or exceeding the organization’s expectation and everyone wins. Explain how the Recommended Changes Impact the Organization in the Industry Managers can build trust by demonstrating that they are guided b y ethical standards and beliefs and then by exhibiting behaviors that are consistent with those standards and beliefs. A variety of conditions and factors can enhance employee trust.Four of the most important are credibility, integrity, reliability, and commitment (Smith, 2004). In conclusion, employee trust is generally something that is earned over time. Building trust can be difficult but it is much easier to lost it through inconsistent behavior and lack of commitment. By enhancing employee trust Singhania ;amp; Partners will become the most consistent firm. References Cullen, John B. ;amp; Parboteeah, Praveen (2011) Multinational Management Richards, Sam (2008) HRM Advice Smith, Jeanine (2006) V ;amp; L International

buy custom Decisions in Paradise essay

buy custom Decisions in Paradise essay Introduction It is from the beginning of the tenure of my posting I observed that the island of Kava is a quite dismal place. So, in order to make a strong foothold there our company would have to take some very important decisions. Then evaluate the resources that were in hand which would be very important for the proposed solution. After that only I would try to evaluate all the proposals according to their implications. The factors that are affecting the decision implementations and the solutions There are a number of factors that are directly affecting the organizations from spreading business in this island. The very first case is, the island being a natural disaster zone and along with different natural disasters different diseases like HIV/AIDS, avian flu are really common in this part of the world. The natural disasters are one of the foremost causes that grounds problems of communication with the first world and this is the biggest crisis faced by our company since it is basically a communicative company (Ren, 2008). To make matters worse, the island suffers from a direct threat from terrorists both from inside and outside of the island. All these factors are really preventing the growth of the company in the island. If we look at the problems, we can find that these are seen in more or less in most of the third world countries. It is really tough to stop the natural disasters, but if the company tries to connect its hands with the government and aims to start some campaigns to stop all the diseases then it will directly reach to the lower class people. We have to keep in mind that our company is a postal company and if we reach to the lower class people, they will start believing in us and may also start using the services provided by the company. Also, we need some good transport systems and some communicational devices like fax machines and internet connections. In the beginning these steps will surely help the company going (Vaagaasar, 2009). Evaluating Resources and all the factors In the process of evaluating the resources we first look at the specific needs of the organization for spreading the business. In the very beginning the organization lacks in manpower. It should employ some local people to do some works for the organization; they can employ the older people in the posts of supervisors and the young ones as subordinates. This will be a very sincere step for the organization. After that the company should upgrade its technical sides. New machines should be installed in the office that will make the work process faster (Koskinen, 2009). As the technological advancements in the island is barred due to many problems so it has to spend money to install the new technologies. This decision will ultimately help the later growth of the company. We have to keep in mind all the negative aspects of the place before deciding on any aspect and only then we can clearly see our options (Vaagaasar, 2009). The organization has to directly help the Government and also the military. So, it will get some help back from the Government to reorganize its processes. On the other hand our organization supports several other organizations, which are either faith based groups or community based organizations and it can be believed that these will also help our organization to gather resources. This will obviously help our company to continue in the business. Gathering resources before starting the business of the organization is one of the very important aspects of the process. Actually this will help us to decide both the long term and the short term goals for the company and we also can decide what will be the strategies that we need to work on (Ren, 2008). The Implications from shareholders perspective In the context of the company, the perspective of the shareholders gets really an important angle. The shareholders want the company to earn as much as it can so their share of wealth will increase. It is really a tough decision for a company to decide whether they should do business on Kava Island or not. Actually the island is an unlikely place to do business. The island has its own difficulties, as well as many problems like weather, diseases and frequent terrorist activities. It might happen thhat the share-holders will oppose the idea of doing business in the island as they will be afraid that the organization will be out of business from the place in a short time. This can be really bad for a company because in places like Kava one needs to invest a lot of wealth to start a business and if the business winds up pre-maturely then the company will face a heavy financial loss and this will not please the shareholders (Vaagaasar, 2009). But on the other hand there are some very important points in the aspect. Firstly, in the island our company is the first of its kind and as we have decided to employ local people and assemble new technologies, it will surely attract the customers. More over the company has good relations with the Government, the military and some very important ethnic and non-ethnic organizations. They will surely help the company in doing and carrying with the business. Generally it is seen that in a third world country if a company gets hold of the market, it stays in the business. More over it can also expand its market in different countries which share a good relation with it. So, I strongly believe that our company, if it can stay in the Kava Island for sometimes, can grow in business and it also can expand its business to some other countries. This will be more helpful to the company and it will surely earn more and more financial gains, which will be directly proportional with the financial gains of the shareholders too (Koskinen, 2009). Conclusion Setting up business in Kava is a really tough task. In this case, we have to carefully examine all the resources we have in our hand and also have to go further to gather all the resources. Though the conditions of the island are not quite friendly for establishing an international business but still with the co-operation of the Government and the military we can take the risk. Moreover by providing employment to the local people we are also attracting the population towards our business (Vaagaasar, 2009). In the future, if our strategies become successful, then we should try to implement some other business ideas in the case, but for now we will have to concentrate on building the basic foundation of the business. Buy custom Decisions in Paradise essay

Biography of Robert Noyce, 1927 - 1990

Biography of Robert Noyce, 1927 - 1990 Robert Noyce is credited as being the co-inventor of the integrated circuit aka the microchip along with Jack Kilby. A computer industry pioneer, Robert Noyce was the co-founder of both the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation (1957) and Intel (1968). It was at Fairchild Semiconductor, where he was the General Manager, that Robert Noyce invented the microchip for which he received patent #2,981,877. At Intel, Robert Noyce managed and oversaw the group of inventors that invented the revolutionary microprocessor. Robert Noyces Early Life Robert Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in Burlington, Iowa. He died on June 3, 1990, in Austin, Texas. In 1949, Noyce received his B.A. from Grinnell College in Iowa. In 1953, he received his Ph.D. in physical electronics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Robert Noyce worked as a researcher for Philco Corporation until 1956, when Noyce started working for the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Palo Alto, California, making transistors. In 1957, Robert Noyce co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. In 1968, Noyce co-founded the Intel Corporation with Gordon Moore. Honors Robert Noyce was the co-recipient of the Stuart Ballantine Medal from the Franklin Institute for his development of integrated circuits. In 1978, he was a co-recipient of the Cledo Brunetti Award for the integrated circuit. In 1978, he received the IEEE Medal of Honor. In his honor, the IEEE established the Robert N. Noyce Medal for exceptional contributions to the microelectronics industry. Other Inventions According to his IEEE biography, Robert Noyce holds 16 patents on semiconductor methods, devices, and structures, including applications of photoengraving to semiconductors, and diffused- junction isolation for ICs. He also holds the basic patent relating to metal interconnect schemes.

Ecological Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ecological Footprint - Essay Example My final score was 4.69 earths. This score means that if every single individual on the earth’s surface lived my lifestyle, up to 4.69 earths would be required to sustain that lifestyle. By category, I scored 38.34 on carbon footprint, 65.74 on food footprint, 34.18 on housing footprint, and 43.68 on goods and services footprint (http://myfootprint.org/en/quiz_results/#). The surprising aspect with the test is that the pressure I exert on the environment is so massive that it would take more than four earths for the human population to live my lifestyle. In order to reduce my ecological footprint, it is essential that I adopt measures to ensure that I recycle what can be recycled. Personally, I have not embraced recycling to a greater extent, but it seems to an important step towards working on a reduced ecological footprint. Also, my food, transport, and housing lifestyle need to be redesigned in order to make it environmental friendly. In so doing, my ecological footprint can reduce and ease pressure on natural capital, thereby enhancing ecological regeneration (Spoolman and Tyler 237). To others, I would still suggest recycling as a fundamental factor in the reduction of ecological footprint. In order to make the process more functional, I would suggest the use of cleaner and healthier means of transport. This is not forgetting the advocacy to save energy and water, going local in terms of food, choosing green housing designs, and ultimately recycling and using recycled products. Consumption level among other variables directly influence ecological footprint (Spoolman and Tyler 281). Changes in consumption levels can either reduce or increase the ecological footprint depending on the activities involved and the lifestyle observed. For instance, eating local and organic foods work towards reducing food footprint. The same trend can be realized from shopping locally and preferring low mileage foods. For goods and services,