Assignment †Week 3 †Esposito-Hilder vs. SFX case Essay Example for Free

Assignment – Week 3 – Esposito-Hilder vs. SFX case Essay 1) What is the most â€Å"jealousy† protected kind of speech, according to the court in this case? (3 points) Answer: According to the court in this case, the most jealousy protected speech is that which advances the free, uninhibited flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern. That which is addressed to matters of private concern, or focuses upon persons who are not â€Å"public figures† is less stringently protected. 2) What court decided the case in the assignment? (2 points) Answer: Supreme Court of New York 3) Briefly – state the facts of this case, using the information found in the case in LexisNexis. (5 points) Answer: In this case, radio station and disc jockeys (defendants) challenged the judgment of the Supreme Court of New York, which denied their motion to dismiss the plaintiff private individual complaint for failure to state a cause of action in her action alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress. According to the information provided in this case, the plaintiff private individual bridal photograph was published in a local newspaper along with those of other brides. The same day, during a broadcast, the defendants engaged in a routine known as the â€Å"ugliest bride† contest. During this contest, they made derogatory and disparaging comments about plaintiff’s appearance. The plaintiff alleged that the defendants deviated from the regular routine of the contest by disclosing her full name that she worked as a competing radio station, as well as the identity of, and her relations with, her superiors. The plaintiff alleged that she and her supervisors heard this broadcast and as a result of its offensive content, she experienced extreme emotional distress at the time because she was a newlywed. Additionally, the court affirmed the judgment of trial court, which denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s complaint and found that the plaintiff had an actionable claim. 4) According to the case, why was this not defamation, and what tort did the court approve a filing for? (5 points) Answer: According to the case, this was not defamation due to the reason of being an expression of opinion. Due to the unique factual information presented in this case that the plaintiff was a private individual and the matter was not of public interest or concern, the court approved a filing for the plaintiff’s lawsuit of the intentional infliction of emotional distress to proceed. 5) In the decision, why does the court state further proceedings will be required? (5 po ints) Answer: The court states that further proceedings will be required because more investigation needs to be done into the plaintiff’s allegations to determine what extent the allegations of her complaint ultimately satisfies the stringent requirements for the tort and sufficiently states a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. 6) Do you agree with this decision? Why or why not? (5 points) Answer: This student agrees with this decision because even though there was a contest, there was no reason to disclose the plaintiff’s personal information and details of her job and make disparaging and derogatory comments about her appearance. Her personal information was revealed during the broadcast and therefore one could identify her and due to these facts the plaintiff could experience emotional distress, especially since she was a newlywed.

Air Lift Fermenter

Air Lift Fermenter Summary : Fermentation is a process involve microbial cells to breakdown or catabolise the organic compounds into smaller molecules. Fermentation is performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The end products of fermentation are our daily products such as alcohol, vitamins, enzymes rennets, antibiotics such as penicillin and lactic acid. In the fermentation process, it is very crucial to maintain optimum mixing and aeration in the reaction. Optimum mixing is to ensure best amount of products conversion as well as to avoid wastage of biomass and substrate. Whereas, aeration is the oxygen transfer rate, also the rate-limiting step in the aerobic bioprocess which is very crucial in design, operation and scale-up of bioreactors. Mixing and aeration in the fermenter is carried out by air-lift or mechanical agitators. Air-lift fermenter uses air injected from the bottom of its draft-tube, while mechanical type uses motor driven shaft agitator. Both of the air-lift and mechanical agitator are d iffer in mixing, aeration, biological efficiency, energy consumption, operation and construction, application and cost. Different types of fermentation biomass and substrates characteristic is the factor to determine types of air-lift or mechanical agitators to be used. Introduction : Advances of biotechnology today has been making use of microbiology in different perceptions of the natural processes to produce our daily products such as cheese, antibiotics, alcohols, biofuel, hormones, microbial enzymes such as rennets and vitamins. The process employed to produce these products is known as fermentation, in which catabolism of organic compound take place. The breakdown of the organic compounds is performed by microorganisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to yield end-products that are our daily products as mentioned (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). In the process of fermentation, the microbial cells obtain energy through glycolysis to break down the complex organic compounds to simpler molecules. Usually, the by product of the process is excreted by the cell in the form of acetone, lactic acid and alcohol. In the history of fermentation, in year 1680 Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first biologist discover the process through fermenting beer under observation with microscope (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Later, in the 19th century, Louise Pasteur discovered and understood the process of fermenting alcohol by using yeast to convert sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxides(Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Besides, in 1929 Alexander Fleming discovered the production of antibiotics Penicillin to fight against bacteria infection (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Since then, various antibiotics are produced by fermentation using various bacteria and fungi. There are several factors to be taken into accounts as designing the fermenters such as scale-up issues, fermenter types, impeller types, immobilised systems, peripheral equipment and fermenter measurements. Impeller plays a vital role in mixing during fermentation because it maintains optimum substrate and biomass concentration in the fermenter throughout the whole process. It also keeps the solids suspended, disperse oxygen to keep maximum total bubble surface area and entrap air bubbles to avoid the air escape before all the oxygen is dissolved (Freitas C. et al. 2000). Fundamentally, there are 2 apparatus used for mixing which are the mechanical agitators and the air-lift fermenters. Air-lift fermenters are sometimes known as the bubble column, can be divided into free rise, draft tube, propeller-assisted and pumped liquid jet-assisted. Air-lift fermenter Air-lift fermenter is an efficient contactor for the reactions involved gases, liquids and solids. There are two types of air-lift fermenters which are the internal loop and the external loop. The internal loop has a draft tube in its inner tube, in which the up-flowing gasses liquid and the down-flowing liquid is separated by the draft tube. Draft tubes are used in some processes to promote better mass transfer, mixing and inducing circulatory motion to reduce bubble coalescence. The external loop has two streams flow in two separate pipes connected at top and bottom. In this way, the air-lift fermenters improve the circulation and oxygen transfer and equalize shear forces in the reactor. Both of the internal and external loop air-lift fermenters have been investigated to the hydrodynamic behaviour and other design factors (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). The figure below shows the structure of an air-lift bioreactor with an internal loop. Unlike the mechanical agitation system, air-lift fermenters do not have motor, shaft and impeller blades. As such, the mixture inside the fermenters is agitated by injecting air from the bottom of the tube. Sterile atmospheric air is injected into the fermenters if the microorganism is aerobic, while for the anaerobic microorganism is fed with inert gas (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Mixing in air-lift fermenters is very gentle hence it is suitable for batch culture of shear sensitive cells and tissues such as the mammalian and plant cells (European patent application 2009). Likewise, high shearing stress causes damage to cells could be avoided. Batch culture of plant and animal cells can be cost intensive. However, in cases where the demand for the plant or animals culture products is low and batch cycles are long, the high capital cost can exclude the economical production (European patent application 2009). One of the application of air-lift fermenters is the large scale producti on of monoclonal antibodies (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Mechanical Agitators Stirred tank fermenters are most commonly used in fermentation. It is a cylindrical vessel with an agitator driven by motor to stir the mixture contents in the tank. There two types of agitator used which are the top-entry stirrer and the bottom entry stirrer. The top entry stirrer is more commonly used because the operation is easier to manage, more reliable and robust, whereas the bottom entry model is rarely to be used. The bench scale fermenters are usually made of borosilicate glass with a stainless steel lid. In the laboratory, top-entry stirrer is used, which consist of a motor attached to the shaft and together with impellers (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The criterias of manufacturing the fermenters are the high grade of stainless steel, a well-polished internal surface to prevent adhesion of contents to the fermenters walls, and contain smooth joints and free of pin holes to avoid de-mixing. The typical volume of the fermenter used in the laboratory is range from 1 to 10 0 litres (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The figure below is the basic structure of a stirred tank fermenter. There are several categories of mechanical mixing equipment, the types of mechanical drivers require to accommodate speed, shaft and power; the kinds of impellers used for specific process, the needs to seal the tanks to against high pressure caused by the processes and stabilization of the impellers devices and the steady bearings in the tank (Bloch H.P. and Soares C. 2007). The main purpose of the mechanical agitator is to provide homogenous mixing, provide aeration and removal of waste gaseous such as carbon dioxide produced during the fermentation process. Usually, the agitator is consisted of motor driven shaft with impellers of 4 to 6 blades. Several types of impellers are more commonly used which are Rushton blade or disc turbine, open turbine impellers and marine impellers. Among the three, Rushton turbine is most commonly used because its design is more simple, easy operation methods and its robustness (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). Figure 3 and 4 illustrate the structure of Ruston turbine and marine impeller. However, mixing in the fermenter is poor and energy intensive as scaling up the process. The problem caused will affect the concentration, reaction rate and heat removal. Therefore, baffles will be used in the fermentation process to prevent energy waste in bulk circulation and to introduce liquid slurry turbulence in order to ensure better mixing, better suspension of solids and better retention of air bubbles. The baffles are fixed on the wall of the fermenters. Both of the action of agitators and baffle produce axial and radial flow patterns in the mixing contents and prevent formation of vortex (Fermentation, Chapter 1 2009). This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Compare and contrast the relative merits of air-lift and mechanical agitator Air-lift and mechanical agitator are widely employed in chemical and bioprocessing reaction as the efficient machine for mass and heat transfer. Both of the fermenters are applied in different types of mixture nature. For instance, air-lift fermenter has gentle agitation and low cost oxygen transfer, hence it is only suitable for less viscous liquid. Whereas, mechanical agitator fermenter perform poorly in highly viscous non-Newtonian media, not aerated at high rate and has relatively poor mixing pattern as compare to the air-lift fermenter. However, the mechanical fermenter has broader range of application as compared to the air-lift fermenter (Abashar M. E. E. 2002). Biological efficiency In terms of biological efficiency, the mechanical type of fermenter is more efficient as compare to the air-lift fermenter. However, due to the simplicity operation of air-lift fermenter, it is useful in the laboratory teaching and research. In a laboratory experiment, air-lift fermenter has successfully produce antibiotics, enzymes, microbial cells and vitamins for microbial analysis (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). Operation and construction The operation of the air-lift fermenter is much simple and easier than the mechanical agitator fermenter. This is illustrated by the control of temperature in the air-lift fermenter, in which the temperature is readily controlled in an incubator or by attaching a heating tape externally to adjust to higher temperature. The construction of air-lift fermenter also more simpler as compared to the mechanical agitator fermenter, as such air-lift fermenter is applicable to continuous and semicontinuous fermentation. The effect of various gas mixture on microbial growth can be readily studied by the air-lift fermenter because the propagation of obligate thermophilic bacteria at 55 C has been successful (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). Mixing and aeration In comparison of mixing in highly viscous non-Newtonian media, the conventional mechanical agitator performs relatively poorer than the air-lift fermenter. Also, conventional agitator has lower aeration rate due to its impeller flooding. Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. (2002) had find out a better solution to overcome the limitation by creating mechanically stirred hybrid airlift bioreactor. This hybrid airlift bioreactor had one or more downward pumping axial flow impeller located at the bottom of the reactor. It able to overcome the limitation of both the mechanical and airlift reactor by providing confined annular zone with better aeration system. It also manages to improve the directional and fluid circulation for the suspending solids and minimize concentration gradients between nutrients and oxygen to the substrate (Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. 2002). In the other case, mechanical agitator, the marine propeller is installed at the bottom of the draft-tube, to carry out a fermentation of highly viscous non-Newtonian media with Saccharopolyspora erythraea broth. The results show that the yield of antibiotic erythromycin was increased by 45% compared to the air-lift configuration or conventional mechanical agitator fermenter alone. In another study, highly viscous broth of mircrofungus N. sitophila was fermented in the airlift fermenter with low-shear axial flow impeller. The end result obtained from hybrid reactor shown that it is more effective as compared to the conventional Rushton turbine-stirred fermenter (Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. 2002). In short, installation of mechanical agitator such as marine propeller or impeller in the draft-tube of air-lift fermenter can significantly improve the fluid circulation and hence increase viscous aerobic fermentation. Energy consumption Energy consumption of an operation system is the major constitute of the capital cost in one production. Generally, the energy consumption of air-lift fermenter is relatively lower than the mechanical agitator fermenter. In a production of a single cell protein, a low pressure air-lift fermenter was designed to reduce the energy usage. The fermenter broth was kept below 120cm in depth and air is injected to supply the oxygen, also to cool and agitate the broth. In this way, the low pressure air-lift fermenter reduces the energy consumption by producing 1 kWh/kg of protein, which could save 70% of energy as compared to mechanical agitator. Hence, it eliminates the investment of mechanical agitators, air compressors and heat exchangers (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). In contrast to mechanical agitator fermenter, air-lift fermenter has higher efficiency in mass transfer at the same power input. This is because air-lift fermenter is not using mechanical agitation, which in turn makes mass transfer perform faster (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). The application prove mechanical agitator has lower mass transfer is the performance of Rushton turbine impeller which involve high cells densities to support oxygen transfer rate and also the highly viscous broth cause turbulence and result in the poor mass transfer. However, air-lift fermenter with the draft tube manages to give better mixing and fluid circulation result in better mass transfer efficiency (Boodhoo K. 2006). An example of mechanical agitator, submerged agitating system is used in gas-liquid mixture. The mechanically rotational agitator is used to intensify the turbulent mixture between gas and liquid. In this system, pressurized gas is injected through the spargers to the agitating area, in the form of bigger bubbles which then broken into smaller bubbles by the mechanical agitators mixing power. However, the efficiency of the power consumption is generally greater in the mechanical agitator. Nonetheless, mechanical agitator also increase the residence time of the bubble and caused efficient gas-liquid mass transfer. However, the relative complication of the mechanical agitator has counterbalance the energy efficiency. Mechanical system complications includes driving motors, gear reducers, submerged agitators, long shaft and the expensive gas compression system (Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. 1986). Cost Capital cost is the main factor to be considered in the industrial fermentation process. Fermenter cooling, mass transport between nutrients and microorganism and oxygen transfer are the main factors in affecting the design of the fermenter. The high demand of substrate to the oxygen amount increase the energy cost and caused significant increase in the production cost. Due to the simplicity operation in air-lift fermenter, it is generally lower in cost than the mechanical agitator fermenter (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009). This is because mechanical system involves extensive pipe lines, diffusers, distribution manifolds, expensive compressor and filtration system. As a result, it caused high power cost and capital costs. Moreover, the frequent plugging of the diffusers make the maintenance for the mechanical system is very troublesome particularly in the reaction involve solids such as aerobic wastewater treatment and industrial fermentation (AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR 2009) . Conclusion Both of the air-lift fermenter and mechanical agitator is used in the fermenter tube to aid in mixing and aeration. Mixing is very important to ensure optimum homogenous mixture of substrate and biomass throughout the entire process. Air-lift fermenter is suitable to plant and mammalian cells fermentation due to its low shear rate, protect cells from damage. The application of air-lift fermentation is the production of monoclonal antibodies. Whereas, mechanical agitator is more vigorous compare to air-lift fermenter, hence it is not suitable for fermentation involve plant and animal cells. The examples of the mechanical agitators are Rushton blade or disc turbine, open turbine impellers and marine impellers. In the above, comparisons was made between both of the air-lift and mechanical agitator in terms of biological efficiency, operation and construction, mixing and aeration, energy consumption and cost. Mechanical agitator has better biological efficiency than the air-lift fermente r, but air-lift fermenter has better mass transfer rate at the same power input. The operation and construction of air-lift fermenter is less complex than mechanical agitator. Likewise, energy consumption is relatively lower in air-lift fermenter. Nonetheless, both of the fermenters agitator types have its pros and cons. Choice of fermenter types is depend on the fermenter substrates and biomass biological nature. References : Abashar M. E. E. (2002) Influence of Hydrodynamic Flow Regimes on the Prediction of Gas Hold-up and Liquid Circulationin Airlift Reactors. Journal of King Saud University 16 (2) : 97-111. AIR-LIFT LABORATORY FERMENTOR (2009) [Online] Available from : http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/4/1/31.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Bloch H.P. and Soares C. (2007) Mixers and Agitators. Process Plant Machinery 2nd edition. Page 617-631. Boodhoo K. (2006) Intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer using porous impellers for application to an E.coli batch fermentation process. Chen N. Y., Kondis E. F., Srinivasan S. (1986) Low-Pressure Airlift Fermenter for Single Cell Protein Production: I. Design and Oxygen Transfer Studies. [Online] Available from : http://people.clarkson.edu/class/ch465/Airlift%20fermenter%201986.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Chisti Y. Jauregui-Haza U.J. (2002) Oxygen transfer and mixing in mechanically agitated airlift bioreactors. Journal of biochemical engineering 10 (2): 143-153. European patent application (2009) [Online] Available from : http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0343885.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Fermentation, Chapter 1 (2009) [Online] Available from : http://www.coe.uga.edu/ttie/documents/biotech.pdf [Acccessed 21st Dec 2009] Freitas C., Fialov M., Zahradnik J. Teixeira J. A. (2000) Hydrodynamics of a three-phase external-loop airlift bioreactor. Journal of Chemical Engineering Science 55 (21) 4961-4972.

Tata Nano

Tata Nano EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tata Nano is the first car to be said to be the common mans car. It is sold in home country India around Rs 1-lakh i.e approximately USD 2000. It is manufactured by Tata Motor Limited, the largest automobile company in India. Its Chairman, Mr Ratan Tata envisions that Tata Nano to become a â€Å"People car† which is affordable by almost everybody. Tata Nano was first launched in India on 1st April 2009 and expected to be in Indian market by July 2009. Since launching, it has created a huge buzz all over India. Within the first two days of lunching, it has received 5500 booking. The s keep increasing every day since the launching. What makes Tata Nano so cheap? Basically, by making things smaller, lighter, do away with superficial parts and change the materials wherever possible without compromising the safety and environmental compliance. It is said that Tata Nano has better millage than Toyota Prius and same gas emission as a scooter. Tata Nano will be imported to Malaysia by Tata Industries in parts. It will be assembled in its two factories i.e in Shah Alam, Selangor and Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru. There are four distribution centres in Peninsular Malaysia i.e. in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Johor Bahru and Kuantan. All Tata Nano cars will be distributed through these distribution centres only. Order can be made vide these distribution centres or its web site. There are three types of Tata Nano car available i.e. Tata Nano, Tata Nano CX and Tata Nano LX. However, due to hot weather in Malaysia, only Nano CX will be brought to Malaysia and will be sold here. The selling price of Nano CX in Malaysia is RM 13,704 per unit. It is estimated that gross profit for the first year would yield xxx, second year xxx and third year xxx. Estimated monthly instalment payment is xxx for seven years period. With this price, the target market is very wide which includes those with income RM 2000 per month, students, female workers and scooters riders. 2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS Tata Motors Limited is Indias largest automobile company, with revenues of Rs. 35651.48 crores (USD 8.8 billion) in 2007-08. It is the leader in commercial vehicles in each segment, and among the top three in passenger vehicles with winning products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the worlds second largest bus manufacturer. In March 2008, Tata Motors acquired Fords UK based car brands Jaguar and Land Rover (BBC News, 2008). According to Ratan Naval Tata (Chairman of Tata Group), the need for an innovation like Nano has got to do something for the people of India and transport. Unavailability and poor quality of mass transport is a common problem in India. In a two wheeler, father driving with elder child standing in front and wife behind holding a baby is norm in this country. Thus, this is a relatively an unsafe mode of transporting a family. Thus, with this in mind Tata Nano was created as a safer form of transport. As one of its objectives is to become an Indian business conglomerate operating in many countries, Tata Nano will be introduced in Malaysia. 2.1 Market Summary It is estimated that Malaysia has more than 5 million motorcycles on the road, compared to over 4 million motorcars(ICE, 2001).The majority of motorcycle buyers or users does not own a car and belong to the lower and middle-income group. A significantly larger percentage of motorcycle users in Malaysia are male. 2.1.1 Target Markets The company is targeting lower income group with family, first-time buyers of car (fresh graduates) and motorcycle owners. 2.1.2 Positioning Tata Nano will position itself as the world cheapest car and yet does not compromise the quality, safety and environment. This positioning will be achieved by leveraging Tata Nanos competitive edge: industries experience from the parent company Tata Motor who has been in vehicles industries (commercial, passengers utilities) since 1945. Tata motor has good supplier-manufacturer relationship with more than 100 components. 2.1.2 Demographics Population , demographics, rural urban, vital statistics from Malaysian auto report. 2.1.4 Geographics Tata Motors has targeted the urban area in Malaysia. This is going to be Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru. There are 5 million motorcycle riders in Malaysia. 2.1.5 Distribution review Just like in India, Tata Nano will appropriate place as an low-cost car even in foreign markets. ‘Easy-to-assemble kits will be imported from Tata in India. The car then will be assembled at pre-defined locations. The proposed locations are Shah Alam, Selangor and Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru. It will be then redistributed to showrooms that will be set up based on region. 30 sales offices will be opened throughout Malaysia. 2.1.6 Competitor review The main competitors are Proton, Perodua, Toyota and Honda. The table below indicates the market share of the main competitors in the auto industry for the year 2008. 2.2 SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis investigates the Malaysian political, economic and business environment. The following finding are adapted from Malaysian Auto Report 2009. a. Malaysia Political SWOT Strengths Malaysia is a successful example of a democratic Islamic state. Despite murmurs of discontent among hard-line Muslims in some states, multiracial Malaysia is unlikely to abandon moderate Islam Weaknesses The Malay half of the population holds a constitutionally enshrined special position in society, amounting to positive discrimination in not only jobs, but also wealth. Opportunities The weak performance by the ruling Barisan Nasional in the general elections held on March 8 2008, has paved the way for the stalled reformist agenda -promised by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi back in 2004 to gather pace. This would help to open up the countrys closed political system and improve transparency and accountability within key institutions. Threats Ethnic tension will remain a non-violent, but simmering, problem, so long as there remains a threat that the influence of hardline Islam could revive. For now, however, the hardliners have lost much of their political clout. The poor showing of Barisan Nasional at the 2008 general elections has put Prime Minister Abdullah under intense pressure from both opposition parties and members of his United Malays National Organization (UNMO) party, who blame him for the coalitions worst ever result. b. Malaysia Economic SWOTaysia Economic SWOT Strengths During the past four decades, Malaysia has transformed itself from a commodities-dependent backwater into a major world source for electronics and computer parts. Malaysia is the worlds largest producer of rubber, palm oil, pepper and tropical hardwoods, and is also a net exporter of crude oil. All this provides a solid platform for economic growth Weaknesses Malaysias relative insulation from global energy price shocks is being eroded. Within the next 5 years Malaysia could become a net importer of oil Malaysias economic openness can be as much of a burden as a benefit, since it confers a high degree of vulnerability to global growth and capital flows. Opportunities The opportunity for private-sector-led growth will improve as the government continues divestment of state shareholdings in order to raise funds to narrow the budget deficit. Threats Wages are higher in Malaysia than in a number of its competitors, such as China and Vietnam, which could be a long-term hindrance to economic expansion. To maintain its competitive edge, Malaysia needs a steady stream of inward investment Export competitiveness could be eroded if the exchange rate continues to appreciate markedly. c. Malaysia Business Environment SWOT 3 Strengths 4 Standards of corporate governance in Malaysia have greatly improved since the Asian financial crisis at the end of the 1990s more so, in fact, than in many neighboring countries. Foreign companies, or at least foreign manufacturing companies, looking to do business in Malaysia will continue to be welcomed with open arms, with the government offering lavish tax breaks and concessions. Weaknesses State subsidization of prices will remain a peripheral but persistent part of daily economic life in Malaysia. Doing business in Malaysia will always, to some extent, mean dealing with the politically well-connected. Big construction projects and big contracts for foreign construction firms are unlikely to be as much of a priority for Malaysias government as they were under the previous administration of former prime minister Mahathir Muhammad. Opportunities The opportunity to invest in Malaysian state assets could improve. The government, if it sticks to its word, will conduct its biggest ever divestment of state shareholdings. Malaysia is eager to compete globally in banking, and although it currently lacks a domestic champion, with ten main institutions in the market, bank consolidation is a strong possibility. Threats The waterways and shipping lanes that surround Malaysia will continue to pose the threat of piracy and terrorism Malaysia is at risk, conceivably, of losing out to China in the race for foreign investment. Penang, once the pillar of Malaysias electronics industry, has seen an exodus of foreign firms, with Seagate, Motorola and Solectron all shifting production elsewhere in Asia. d. The following will be key strengths and weakness within the company and describes the opportunities and threats facing Tata Nano. Strength The internationalisation tactics so far has been takeover to local managers in new style, and only to transplanting a couple of higher managers from India into the new trade. The key point is that Tata has been able to share ideas. The company had a successful agreement with Italian mass product Fiat in 2006. This has enhanced the product collection of investments for Tata and Fiat as per agreements of production and ideas sharing. An example, Fiat Palio design was introduced in 2007 by Tata, and both the companies have an contract to create and achieved their Goal at Central and South America. Weaknesses The Tata Nano passenger travel car products are depends upon 3rd and 4th generation platforms, which is a disadvantage of Tata Motors Limited with competition others car manufacturers. One which is not recognised in English the word tat means ‘rubbish. Opportunities In 2008 Tata Motors announced that they had successfully purchased the foreign car assembled Land Rover and Jaguar from Ford Motors for United kingdom  £2.3 million. Worlds Two luxury car brand have been added to Tata Motors portfolio of brands, They have a chance to demonstrate Company vehicles in the luxury segments. Tata Motors Ltd have taken Daewoo Motors Commercial vehicle business in 2004 for USD $16 million. Tata Nano is the most cheapest car in the World selling at little more than a motorbike. The new emerging industrial of the countries such as India, S.Korea and Republic of China will have a thirst for produce and distribute vehicles in low-cost passenger. These are the advantages. However the company has put in place a proactive Corporate Social Responsibility considering to address potential tactics that will make its operations more sustainable. The range of Super Mileage fuel efficient buses are powered by efficient, atmosphere friendly car engines. The bus has auto matic organic clutch with booster help and better air intakes that will low fuel consumption by up to 10 percent. Threats Other car manufacturers companies are in passenger car business for 40 or more then 40 years. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in terms of quality and lean production. Sustainability and environmentalism could mean extra costs for this low-cost producer. This could impact its underpinning competitive advantage. 2.3 Objectives and issue We have set aggressive yet achievable objectives for the first, second and third year of market entry. First year objective ( July 2009 to December 2009) We want to achieve 25,000 units of sales gaining †¦.market share % get from market size Second year objective (JAN 2010 TO DEC 2010) We want to achieve 10% increase in quarterly basis (RM 48,600) Third year objective (JAN 2011 TO DEC 2011) We want to achieve 10% increase in quarterly basis (RM 53, 460) 1.0 MARKETING MIX STRATEGIES 3.1 Product Strategies The product strategy which will be adapted would be the straight product extension, which is marketing the car in another foreign market without any change. This is because there would be no additional product development cost, manufacturing changes, or new promotion. 3.2 Product Review * There are three variants in the Nano range: Nano, Nano CX and Nano LX * Only the Nano CX variant would be introduced in the Malaysia Market for the first stage * Tata Nano LX will introduced in the Malaysia Market during the following year The car has achieved its low price by minimizing costs on unnecessary â€Å"luxuries†, the basic Nano comes without front and rear fog lights, without a heater or air conditioning, without anti-lock brakes, only one single windscreen wiper, manually operated windows, manual steering with no air bags, tiny 12† wheels, plastic body parts joined with adhesive instead of more conventional metal and welding and a two cylinder 623 cc engine that provides a massive maximum speed of 65 mph (around 105 km/h). Among the features of the car are: a) Stylish and comfortable The Passenger Car, designed with a family comfortable in mind, has a luxury passenger space with superb leg space and head room. It can luxury sit 4 persons. 4 doors with excellent seating perfection make ingress and egress easy. with a measuring length of 3.1 metres, width of 1.5 metres and a height of 1.6 metres, with adequate ground clearance, it can effortlessly manoeuvre on busy roads in cities as well as in rural areas. Its semi volume structure, with tires at the sides and the power train at the rear, enables it to uniquely combine both space and manoeuvrability, which will set a benchmark among small cars. b) Fuel-efficient engine The Peoples Car has a back wheel drive, with aluminium, 2 cylinder, 523 cc, 33 PS, multi point fuel injection petrol engine. This is the first time that a 2 cylinder gasoline engine fitted in a car with a one balancer shaft. The lean design strategy has helped minimise weight, which helps maximise performance per unit of energy consumed and delivers high fuel efficiency. Performance is controlled by a specially designed electronic engine management system. c) Meets all safety requirements The Peoples Cars safety performance exceeds current regulatory requirements. With an all metal body sheet, it has a solid passenger department, with safety features for e.g crumple zones, intrusion resistant doors, seats belts, strong seats and anchorages, and the rear tailgate glass bonded to the body. Tubeless tyres further enhance safety. d) Environment-friendly The Peoples Cars tailpipe emission performance exceeds regulatory requirements. In terms of overall pollutants, it has a lower pollution level than two-wheelers being manufactured in Malaysia today. The high efficiency also ensures that the car has low carbon dioxide emissions, thereby providing the twin benefits of an affordable transportation solution with a low carbon footprint. 3.3 Branding Brands identify the source or maker of a product and allow consumers either individuals or organisations to assign responsibility for its performance to a particular manufacturer or distributor. Branding is endowing products and services with the power of a brand. Its all about creating differences between products. For branding strategies to be successful and brand value to be created, consumers must be convinced there are meaningful differences among brands in the product or service category. In Tata Nanos case, the branding strategy used is corporate name combined with individual product names. This companys name legitimises and the individual name individualises the new product 3.4 Product Strategy The Tata Nano CX, including all the features described in the earlier Product Review section, will be sold with a three-year warranty or 100,000km warranty, whichever comes first. We will introduce the Tata Nano LX during the following year, after we have established our Tata brand. The brand and logo will be displayed on the car as well as in all marketing campaigns. 3.5 Pricing Strategies The Cost price is an estimated USD2, 420 or equivalent to RM8,954, which includes import tax, duties excise , sales tax, shipment costs and assembly cost . The selling price for the Malaysian market is RM13,704.00, which is inclusive of standard accessories, but exclude road tax (RM70.00), registration fees (RM150.00), number plate (RM50.00) and ownership endorsement fee (RM50.00), sales tax (RM1370.40) which amounted to RM320.00. The On-The-Road price will be RM15797.40.These prices reflect a strategy of taking a share from established competitors, such as Perodua s model of Kancil and Viva. 3.5.1 Setting the price selecting price objectives Tata Nano Malaysia (TNM) has set major three objectives in its effort to position itself in the Malaysia Automotive market. The objectives are: Survival, maximum current profit and maximum market share. a. Survival Intense competition from Malaysias second car manufacturer, Perodua for a share of the automotive market segment for the below 1,000 cc category will spur TNM to ensure that the car price covers variable costs and some fixed costs. In this case, survival is a short term objective as in the long run, TNM will add value such as added safety features to the Nano range. b. Maximum current profit TNM has set a price that will maximize current profits, cash flow and return on investment, after taking into consideration the demand and costs involved. As this category of small foreign cars segment has not been really tested by other manufacturers, therefore the demand is rather difficult to estimate but TNM is confident of a good response towards its entry into the Malaysian market. c. Maximum Market Share For the Malaysian market, TNM will implement the market-penetration pricing, which is to set a low price for a new car in order to attract a large number of buyers and a large market share. This will be done by achieving high sales volume, which will results in falling costs, allowing the company to cut its price even further. We are positive enough that the Malaysia car market is highly price sensitive, as a low price produces more market growth. TNM is also confident that production and distribution costs will fall as sales volume increases and the low price of Nano cars will help to keep out competition and maintain its low-price position. The low-price entry will provide Malaysians consumers with a viable alternative to Perodua -Malaysia second National car. Further liberalization is expected as Malaysia implements the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, which commits the Malaysia Government to scrap foreign car taxes. 4.0 PROMOTION STRATEGIES 4.1 Objectives of Promotion Strategies Before determine the promotion strategies, we need to very clear about what are the objectives we need to achieve. We know as above, our missions are to promote Tata nano in Malaysia and increase the sales quarterly. Tata Nano is very new for Malaysian, they feel fresh with this new brand and concept of this car. Tata Nano will get into Malaysia market in July 2009. So first of the objective for promotion strategies are aims to create brand awareness and concept/knowledge of this new car Tata Nano. This is the cheapest car in the world and burst into the worldwide market in the short time. But still is the new brand for the Malaysians, so we do the advertisement and organize the event or campaign in sufficient detail to establish the good brand attitudes. Brand awareness is important to provide a foundation for brand equity. After that, our second objective is knowledge and persuasive. We aim to create liking, preference, conviction, and purchase of a Tata Nano car. We can do the comparison with other cars which are higher purchase price and this price is not every people will be affordable especially lower income families and students. Beside that we will convince current purchasers that we will give the potential customer to enjoying the good experience with Tata Nano by give try to drive the Tata Nano before buying the car. And also will provide them warranty to the Tata Nano. We will organize all the promotion strategies with lower cost to maintain the lower purchase price for the Tata nano in Malaysia. 4.2 Promotion Tag line ‘Have Fun, Pay Less, get more with Tata Nano Why we establish this tag line? Because this is make all the Malaysian to easy to remembered Tata Nano and feel happy all the ways with Tata Nano. Tata Nano is safety and you can travel everywhere by Tata Nano with your family or friends with fun, but you just need to pay all of this at lower price -Pay Less Get More. Beside that we can enjoying special fun with Tata nano, our earth also will feel happy with Tata nano because Tata nano also is the environment friendly car. 4.3 Advertising Program We aims to inform Malaysians this is the cheapest car in the world and persuade Malaysians to buy Tata Nano due to this car is safety, useful, all in good quality and also environment friendly by developing an advertising program. 4.3.1 Online Advertisement First step we start before lunching Tata Nano, we do the online advertisement. Tata Nano created a Web site www.tatanano.com on March 2009 to better communicate with the customers. In the Web site, we posted the photo categories and videos to provide customers the information and special features of Tata Nano and bring them inside the company. In addition to photos and videos, the web site links to recent news about Tata Nano and space for public feedback. Besides that, Blogs have become an important outlet for word of mouth which are regularly updated online diaries. Blogs is bringing together people with common interests. They vary wide and can influence a vast audience due to many internet users have read Blogs. We can establish the blog network and carefully monitoring to find out whats on peoples minds especially the potential customers. This is a cheapest and good way to build up brand awareness. 4.3.2 Television Advertisement Television advertisement is very expensive but this is the most powerful to perform the Tata Nano to the public by demonstrating Tata Nano attributes and persuasively explaining their corresponding consumer benefits. By lower advertising budget, we cannot do the TV advertisement in whole day, so we just choose the prime time (7pm 11pm) to place the advertisement. By properly designed and executed TV advertisement can improve brand equity and affect sales and profits. 4.3.3 Radio Advertisement Most of the Malaysians listen to the radio daily. Now a day have many facilities such as MP3, hand phone and so on, is convenience for the people to listen the radio anytime at anywhere, This is a cheap and pervasive medium for us to create the brand awareness by repeatedly listen the advertisement and the brand name. Advantages of the radio advertisement are flexibility, quick response and also more effective media for reaching teens. 4.3.4 Newspaper Advertisement Beside that the radio, most of the Malaysians also will saw a newspaper everyday. So this is good market coverage. From here, Tata Nano can get the broad acceptance and good reputation from Malaysians. Newspaper advertising is inexpensive. 4.4 Marketing Campaign This Marketing campaign is base on every four month : 4.4.1 Marketing Campaign for July 2009 to October 2009 Tata Nano will lunch at Malaysia on July 2009. Launching program is very important for positioning which is the act of designing Tata Nano and image to occupy Malaysia in the minds of the target market. Launching program also is one of the promotion strategies to build awareness, through launching at public center Tata Motor will introduce the Tata Nano to market. In July and August, we focus on marketing campaign which will take place at all the IPTA and IPTS which have organize the convocation, by providing product display and banner; and the peoples can have the experience with Tata Nano by provide the opportunities to drive Tata Nano around the campus. Theme for this campaign is Good future with Tata Nano. Reason for this marketing campaign is one of our targets are students such as fresh graduate who just get the new job and also the international students. Fresh graduate need the transportation in their working life but they cant afford to buy the too expensive car; international student just need the car which is economy and using it in short period around 2-3years for their student life in Malaysia. This is cheapest cost by event or campaign in the campus. In September and October, Malaysians will celebrate two big festivals together, there are Hari Raya Puasa Aidifitri and Deepavali. So we can focus on lower income group with family especially those are come from Malay family or Indian family. Use the mail, telephone, fax, e-mail to communicate directly with them. Base on historical, more of the Malay or Indian will buy the car before festival. Raya with Tata Nano can be the theme for our campaign at this period, and promote them Tata Nano is cheapest and safety. 4.4.2 Marketing Campaign for November 2009 to February 2009 In November and December, Malaysia have the Mega Sales due to Merry Christmas and New Year in the end of the year at whole Malaysia so that have many people will go to shopping. We can organize the event at shopping centers in Malaysia such as KLCC, Midvalley, Berjaya Times Square, and Sungai Wang by providing product display and banner. On January and February, most of the employees in Malaysia will get the bonus in this period so the purchasing power will increase. Beside that Chinese New Year is at February. Send the brochures to the small and medium company or office and do the introduction or briefing to them. Follow by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail to developing effective communication. 4.4.3 Marketing Campaign for March 2009 to June 2009 We will do the road show at every state (whole Malaysia). We can have the road show at the center market such as all market at all the state. Have many people will go to market early morning to buy the vegetable, take the breakfast or buy the necessary things. Most of them are women or housewife who may be come from the lower or medium income family. Some of them go to Pasar by motorcycle or by bus. There are our target markets. We can promote Tata Nano to them such as, Tata Nano is the cheapest car in the world, Get the Tata Nano to be second car for their family member especially for their children or elder parent, Easy life with Tata Nano. Housewife or mother can go to Pasar or anywhere by Tata Nano better than motorcycle or by bus for complete their daily matter more effectively. When the women get the news, they will pass this news to their friend immediately. This will help us to promote Tata Nano effectively in the local society. At the road show, people also can get the exper ience with Tata Nano by have the opportunities to drive the Tata Nano car before purchase it. 5.0 Channel of Distribution Strategies 5.1 Direct marketing channel (zero-level channel) We perform the Tata Nano in Malaysia by selling it directly to customers. Customers can deal directly with our dealers and make the booking for Tata Nano by visit our sales office or at any special event/campaign. Besides that, customers also can get the information or make the booking via the telephone (1-800-88-nano) and through the Internet ( www.tatanano.com ). By this way we can save more cost and maintain the cheapest purchasing price rather than through retailers or resellers. 5.2 Physical Flow From the diagram, can know that Tatanano will send the paths to the Malaysia after received the order from the sales office. After that, we will assemble a car at the workshop. Finally, send to the customers directly. From here, we can often provide faster delivery to customers because we are closer to the customers. 5.3 Payment Flow Customers can paying bills by cash or do the financing from bank. Customers pay less by this diagram due to not need to pay extra commission to third party such as wholesalers or retailers. Tata Motor also can collect the payment more efficient. 5.4 Information Flow Customers can get the information directly from Tata Motor such as new product, price development and so on. Tata Motor can more understanding customers needs when receiving customers, response calls and mailings or through internet blog. If customers have any need or complaint, we can satisfy them immediately by deal with customers directly. 5.5 Promotion Flow Marketing Campaign/Event Have two ways of promotion flow, directly and indirectly. Directly is well organize the marketing campaign, event and road show. By this way, well promote Tatanano to target market by face by face and provide the opportunities to them try to drive the Tatanano. Indirect ways are we will do the advertisement through media such as internet, TV, radio and also newspaper. By this promotion flow, Tata Motor aims to create brand awareness and increase the sales in the Malaysia. 6.0 Financial Plan This section will offer the overview of Tata Nano related marketing activities. It is include, sale forecast, expense forecast, break even analysis and how those relate to the market strategy. 6.1 Break even analysis Break even analysis indicates that 3369 unit or $ 46,168,776 will be required in monthly sales revenue to reach the break even point. Table: Break Even Analysis Break even analysis : Monthly unit break even 3369 Monthly sales break even $46,168,776 Monthly unit production 6083 Average per unit revenue $13704 Average per unit variable cost $8,954 Average per unit fixed cost $2630.28 Estimated monthly fixed cost $16,000,000 6.2 Sales forecast Sale was forecasted quarterly basis, with adjustment of seasonal factor. At Malaysia there is 3 main celebrations each year, which Aidil Fitri, Chinese new year, and Deepavali, those factors was used as seasonal factor. Since one of our target markets is fresh graduate student, graduation month also was used as seasonal factor to adjust our forecasted sales. The sales was fore

Men in Bowler Hats and Women in Great Dresses Essay examples -- Volunt

Men in Bowler Hats and Women in Great Dresses The day was grey and heavy; snow, in great drifts, lined the brick way. The brick and concrete halls loomed in the horizon; the years of the past century seemed to descend upon me as a curtain. Men in bowler hats and women in great dresses seemed more appropriate than my khaki cargo pants or leather jacket. The brick became concrete; and, I walked the path down the hill, past the great elms, and into the Sackett building. Wandering up the stairs, down halls, and finally finding the appropriate room, I entered and greeted the ruckus of the Best Buddies’ organizational meeting. For those unfamiliar with Best Buddies, it is an organization of committed students who champion the interests of men and women with intellectual disabilities. However, Best Buddies is a humble organization; the organization emphasizes personal relationships and bonds of friendship over great initiatives of policy or mass demonstrations. The students who serve recognize the significance of such efforts but wish to participate in a more direct long term response. Working in several volunteer organizations, Best Buddies and the challenges confronted by both buddies and students most clearly underscore, for me, the growing need to recognize the role of volunteer organizations. To affect lasting change, students who work with disadvantaged children and people with disability must create lasting bonds, perennial bonds. Big Brother and Big Sister, Best Buddies, and the United Way all recognize this need and ask volunteers to commit to the cause for at least a year. For children in broken homes and people with disabilities, you need to establish trust. Only from a basis of trust, can a volunteer understand,... ...ry contributions the problems of society. Allowing children and adults from broken homes or with disabilities the opportunity to live fruitful lives, in part, must result from committed organizations of citizens, dedicated to weathering the inevitable heartbreaks of hard lives. So to my classmates and fellow volunteers, I urge you to remain committed and increase the awareness of the need for long term service. We Americans must recognize the need for civil society and restore a place for it; otherwise, we sanction the continuance of the great sorrows of society. We abandon what hearts, time, and hands can do and relegate our responsibility to the limits of foundations and money. As I walked away in the snow and wind, a sense of continuity filled me. My classmates and I joined a long tradition, reaching back beyond men in bowler hats and women in great dresses.

Bad Euthyphro :: essays research papers

Bad Euthyphro   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euthyphro did not act pious toward his father at all. If he had been trying to be a pious human he would to think deeper in to what he did. Euthyphro turned in his father for killing one man, but he only satisfied one part of being a pious person. According to the American Heritage Dictionary being a pious person has â€Å" devotion and severance towards his god and family.† Euthypro only pleased his god; by bring justice towards his father. He maimed his family and betrayed them. Being thoughtful towards his own family name; Euthyphro only considered him and his money. He only wanted vengeance over the mans death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking for revenge never brings any thing good back only bad memories and shame. When Euthyphro found out about his workers death he was mad. Nobody can blame him for it but he acted so abruptly and we out thought he jumped to accuse his father for the murder. He was so quick to blame his father he refused to stop and think. If he had thought about the repercussions that where going to happen, he would of realized that his family name would be put to more shame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One must also remember what era this story is been told. During the time murder was just another thing that happened daily in the streets. The time that this all takes place is at a time in the world’s history that savageness was still part of the society. The only difference between the ear of Socrates, and today’s society’ is the acceptance of some crimes. When Euthyphros father killed his hired hand, he still had a just reason for doing so. The two main ways to have a pious soul is by having devotion to god and family. Euthyphro showed obviously that he denied honoring his family. It is hard to prove that he did not show devotion to his god. He showed that he felt there was a need for justice. Even thought he went and told on his father, he for goad his own mistakes by sending someone who might be able to kill another.

New Cases Of Tb Health And Social Care Essay

Over 8 million of new instances of TB are discovered and about 1.5 million deceases resulted from TB yearly, TB has declared figure one infective slayer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Generally, TB ( TB ) is defined as a catching infective disease cause by Mycobacterium TB. A individual can infected when he or she inhales a proceedingss sum of septic phlegm of air. Terbium is non catching by direct contact with apparels or agitating custodies with person who has Terbium. Terbium is spread through the external respiration of the septic air during close contact. There is besides another type of untypical TB, transmitted when imbibing unpasteurised milk. Related bacteriums, Mycobacterium bovis which are found in unpasteurised milk are responsible to do this signifier of TB [ 23 ] . The symptoms of TB are non obvious until the disease is rather advanced. The early symptoms of TB are usually confused with other common symptoms of a febrility, including weariness, loss of appetency, a productive cough, febr ility, weight loss and dark workout suits. The infection of the TB is more frequently than non spotted in the upper portion or lobe of the lungs. It normally takes months ( incubation ) from the get downing point of initial lung infection for symptoms to be noticeable. The worsen infection in the lungs can besides ensue in symptoms like chest hurting, coughing continuously, coughing out phlegm of stuff from the lungs and blood and trouble in take a breathing ( panting for breath ) . Incidence1 Prevalence 2 Mortality WHO part no. In 1000s % of planetary sum rate per 100 000 pop3 no. In 1000s rate per 100 000 dad no. In 1000s rate per 100 000 dad Africa 2 828 30 % 351 3 809 473 385 48 The Americas 282 3 % 31 221 24 29 3 Eastern Mediterranean 675 7 % 115 929 159 115 20 Europe 425 5 % 48 322 36 55 6 South-East Asia 3 213 34 % 183 3 805 216 477 27 Western Pacific 1 946 21 % 109 2 007 112 261 15 Global sum 9 369 100 % 139 11 093 164 1 322 20 1Incidence is the figure of new instances originating during a defined period. 2Prevalence is the figure of instances ( new and antecedently happening ) that exists at a given point in clip. 3Pop indicates population. Diagram 1: Estimated TB incidence, prevalence and mortality, 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/ Diagram 1 indicates the estimated TB incidence and rate of decease in 2008. South-East Asia and South-East Asia have the highest figure of incidence, prevalence and morality rate of TB. These are low income states. Terbium is a poorness related disease which will be discussed subsequently in this study. ( 436 words )SolutionCocktail of drugs hypertext transfer protocol: //physicianjobster.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/latent-tuberculosis-guidelines-and-diagram.pngTB is categorized into two chief group based on the pharmacologic intervention for several phase, latent infection and active disease. About 90 % of patients who infected with primary TB will hold no farther clinical manifestation and will mend without the realisation of the disease. Merely approximately 5 % of the patients will travel on to develop the disease into a more progressive and active disease including disseminated TB ( TB bacteria infected parts of the organic structure other than lungs ) . Latent infection occurs when the pneumonic macrophages are able to incorporate the bacteriums but non extinguish them. C: UsersdantesDesktop blatent-tuberculosis-guidelines-and-diagram.png Chemoprophylaxis During the phase of latent infection of TB, although the symptoms of the disease are non manifested but latent infection can develop into the active phase. Therefore, chemoprophylaxis can be initiated to pull off the status. Chemoprophylaxis is the prescription of certain medicines in the purpose of forestalling an infection. Normally, two drugs are involved in this regimen. Isoniazid which is a common drug will be prescribed to patients with latent infection. Generally, 300mg daily of Isoniazid ( INH ) will be given for 9 months in grownups. If there are any intuition of opposition of bacteriums strain to INH or intolerance of patients to INH ( allergic reaction ) , INH can be replaced with Rifampin ( RIF ) . Normal medicine of RIF of 600mg for 4 months is a suited permutation [ 22 ] . Drugs intervention therapy ( 698words ) While for the phase of active disease of TB, the standard regimen Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide ( PZA ) and ethambutol ( EMB ) for 2 months followed by INH and RIF for 4 months is administered [ 7 ] [ 9 ] [ 22 ] . The consequence of the phlegm cultivation TB of patients is used to find the susceptibleness of the bacteriums to the drugs. It in bends decides which drugs to be used in the intervention. The tabular array 2 below is a guideline for the prescription of the intervention. Diagram 2: Prescription for intervention of TB hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm ( 753 words ) If the bacterium become drug immune, multi-drug resistant TB ( MDR ) , other drugs are to be given. For illustration, Ethionamide, Streptomycin, Cycloserine and the list goes on. Drug opposition should be suspected in the undermentioned state of affairss: Patients who have received anterior therapy for Terbium Patients from geographic country with high prevalence of opposition ( Mexico and Southeast Asia ) HIV patients Patients known to be exposed to MDR-TB instances Patients who still have acid-fast bacilli-positive phlegm vilifications after 2 months of therapy Patients who still have positive civilization for TB after 2 to 4 months of therapy Particular intervention should be given to a certain population depending on their status for case, HIV patients, pregnant adult female, kids, extrapulmonary TB. In population of pregnant adult female, the drugs used are non to present a hazard to the foetus every bit good as to the female parent. RIF is non given because it is related to limb decrease and cardinal nervous system lesions in foetus. Ethionamide may be associated with premature bringing, congenitial malformations and Down ‘s syndrome. The drugs prescribed must be monitored carefully to forestall any long term side effects to the patients [ 7 ] [ 22 ] . The tabular array in diagram 3 show the chief two groups of drugs used to handle TB, first line and 2nd line drugs. If the first line drugs fail to handle TB as the TB bacteriums strain becomes immune, 2nd line drugs are used. ( 992 words ) Diagram 3: The first and 2nd line drugs for TB ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm ) ( 1005 words ) Effectiveness Diagram 4: Treatment result and clip from start of intervention to transition of sputum civilization among 39 patients ( http: //www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/8/6/table/T2 ) C: UsersdantesPicturesTB.jpg All of the patients ab initio received day-to-day therapy that comprised INH, RIF, EMB, and PZA. Treatment was successfully completed in 36 patients ( 92 % ) , and 35 ( 90 % ) were cured. This indicates a high success rate of intervention utilizing the drugs above. ( 1067 words ) Direct observation of Therapy To maximize the completion of intervention class, direct observed therapy ( DOT ) is introduced. This method will advance attachment to the intervention. Medical officers should supervise DOT. This method ensures the intervention class of the patient is completed. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htmhttp: //www.health-res.com/EX/08-01-20/r211a1b14.gif hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health-res.com/EX/08-01-20/r211a1b14.gif ( 1122words ) Diagram 5: the intervention success of TB ( % ) under DOTs in Albania, Ecuador and HaitiEffectiveness Diagram 6: the intervention success of TB ( % ) under non- DOTs in Albania, Ecuador and Haiti hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/globalatlas/includeFiles/generalIncludeFiles/toolOptions.asp? displayType=chart ( 1146 words )The DOTS programme in China, the largest DOTS programme in the universe, prevents about 30 000 deceases a twelvemonth. Over 90 % of patients treated are cured.( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/inf-new/tuber2.htm ) Diagram 7: Terbium instances human death rates ( % ) with or without DOTS in 2009 in China ( http: //www.who.int/inf-new/tuber2.htm ) Based from grounds from diagrams 5, 6 and 7, it is shown that the TB intervention success rate addition with the execution of DOTS. In diagrams 5 and 6, the informations in Ecuador shows that the intervention success rate under DOTs is much higher than those under non-DOTs by about 75 % . In diagram 7, the human death rate from TB is decrease by about 15 % if DOT is implemented. In my sentiment, DOT is effectual because most patients did non follow the physician ‘s recommendations and they tend to bury to take medicines regularly.DOT provides a manner to guarantee that all the patients are following their medicines. ( 1296words )DeductionsEconomic deduction One economic issue that I have encountered while carry oning this research is that the under-developed states have the highest rates of TB. And they do non hold fiscal support to derive entree to the antibiotic intervention. â€Å" Tuberculosis ( TB ) – a preventable disease linked to poverty – was declared an exigency in Africa in 2005. Each twelvemonth it claims the lives of half a million Africans, many immature and in their most productive old ages. In the past 15 old ages, overall rates have doubled in Africa and tripled in high HIV countries. Africa has the highest per capital incidence of TB in the universe ( 28 % ) , with most of the worst affected states located in sub-Saharan Africa. †( African Medical and Research Foundation, 2005 )The province of exigency is a consequence of immense fiscal load of the low-income states as the interventions are time-consuming and dearly-won. Furthermore, overcrowded country in Africa means easier transmittal of disease from individual to individual. These grounds result in more incidence of TB in Africa per twelvemonth. In my sentiment, the authorities demand to be financially stable in order to supply citizens with efficient and broad ent ree to intervention. Government should besides form runs to increase the consciousness towards the figure one infective disease slayer TB. ( 1505words ) Social deduction Many TB patients will halt taking the medicine after several hebdomads as their symptoms are relieved. First of wholly, the drugs for TB are dearly-won. Second, they feel healthy after twosomes of month of drug intervention. If the patients did non finish the antibiotic class, possible result is some bacteriums will last and go immune to the drug and infectiousness of the patient doing continued transmittal to the community. These bacteriums will go on to multiply and can non be killed by the old drug, multi-drug-resistant TB. Therefore, other more expensive drugs must be used for intervention. [ 6 ]â€Å" Poverty increases the hazard of TB ; TB impoverishes the victims. More than 90 % of TB instances and decease occurs in low and middle-income states. †( TB Advocacy, A Practical Guide 1999, WHO Global Tuberculosis Programme, STOP TB Annual Report 2001 )The intervention of TB requires a great trade of fiscal support. The cost of the drugs and the installations merely can non b e afforded by low income states. Therefore, low income states like South Africa has the most instances of TB incidence and deceases. Besides that, if a patient can non afford the medicine possible result is more people will be infected as TB is contagious. ( 1707words )Benefits and hazardsOne of the most conspicuous benefits from antibiotics intervention for TB is that it can bring around and liberate the patients from TB. Antibiotics can kill and suppress the growing of TB bacteriums in the organic structure provided the bacteriums are non drug-resistant. Equally long as the patients complete the intervention class, there is a large possibility that he or she will retrieve from the disease. Isoniazid administered to latent infection of TB patients besides prevents the patterned advance of the active disease. The intervention besides aims to halt the infection from distributing to other people [ 8 ] . However, there are a certain side effects of the drugs. Normally, the side effects of the drugs are non common but they can be serious. Patients are recommended to confer with their doctor for any possible side effects and how to cover with them. By and large, the side effects of the interventions includes liver issue ( icterus, abdominal hurting, sickness, and emesis, weariness, fever, dark piss, roseola and itchiness ) , flu-like symptoms ( febrility and icinesss, sickness, purging and musculus hurting ) , flu stain, diarrhoea and the effects may change depend on the drugs administered in the intervention. One of the most common used drugs, Isoniazid can hold side effects of dysarthria, crossness, ictuss, dysphoria, and inability to concentrate, fever, roseola and hepatitis. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ( 1923 words ) Alternate solution Vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is given during childhood as a vaccinum against TB. It is prepared from attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. The definition of vaccinum is substances that can trip and fix human immune response to specific bacteriums in the hereafter such as dead or attenuated bacteriums. A tuberculin trial must be conducted before the individual is to be vaccinated. Merely non-reactors are given inoculation because they lack immunisation against TB.â€Å" We estimated that the 100A ·5 million BCG inoculations given to babies in 2002 will hold prevented 29aˆ?729 instances of TB meningitis ( 5th-95th centiles, 24aˆ?063-36aˆ?192 ) in kids during their first 5 old ages of life, or one instance for every 3435 inoculations ( 2771-4177 ) , and 11aˆ?486 instances of miliary TB ( 7304-16aˆ?280 ) , or one instance for every 9314 inoculations ( 6172-13aˆ?729 ) . At US $ 2-3 per dosage, BCG inoculation costs US $ 206 ( 150-272 ) per twelvemonth of healthy life gain ed. †( B. Trunz ; P. Fine ; C. Dye. The Lancet, Volume 367, Issue 9517, Pages 1173-1180, 14 April 2006 )The monetary value of BCG is cheap [ 21 ] . Therefore, it can cost-effectively cut down the figure of TB compared to the cost of intervention. The effectivity of BCG is besides proven when it was foremost introduced into England in 1953. [ 13 ] When it was foremost introduced in 1950s, the inoculation programme has efficaciously reduced the incidence of TB by 77 % [ 18 ] [ 21 ] . ( 2145 words ) Diagnosis Tuberculin trial or Mantoux trial The Oklahoman the disease is discovered, the Oklahoman the disease is treated, the larger the opportunity the disease can be cured and managed so that it will non distribute to others unwittingly. This is due to early sensing of disease can forestall more organic structure parts from being infected and the country of infection can be reduced. The most common method used in diagnosing of TB infection is the tuberculin trial or Mantoux trial. It uses purified protein derivative and inject 5 units of it into the tegument of a patients. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] If a raised bump of more than 5mm appears at the site after 48 hours, the trial may be positive. The trial can hold false positive or false negative consequence. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test ( 2274words ) Chest X ray If the tuberculin trial shows positive consequence, collateral clinical intuition of TB can be carried out via x-ray and microbiologic scrutiny of phlegm. X-ray image of a TB patient will demo abnormalcy in mid and upper lungs Fieldss and lymph nodes might be enlarged. X-ray trial can merely propose there is TB infection but do non corroborate it. Normal chest x-ray ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicine.cu.edu.eg ) Chest X ray of a XDR-TB patient ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N30/TB_Ireland_Figure1.jpg ) Sputum trial ( 2428 words ) hypertext transfer protocol: //nursinglink.monster.com/nfs/nursinglink/attachment_images/0000/2432/SputumTest_crop380w.jpg? 1212559672 Besides that, day-to-day phlegm aggregation over 3 back-to-back yearss is recommended. Sputum proving for acid-fast B is the lone trial that confirms a TB diagnosing. Sputum or other bodily secernments such as from your tummy or lung fluid can be cultured for growing of mycobacteria to corroborate the diagnosing. It may take one to three hebdomads to observe growing in a civilization, but eight to 12 hebdomads to be certain of the diagnosing.Evaluation of beginningBeginning 1 I evaluated the beginning hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm where the guideline on the intervention of the TB was published. It proved to be accurate because it matched with many other beginnings in term of information. For illustration, in the book of pharmacotherapy enchiridion used by druggist as a beginning of mention ( Barbara G. Wells ; Joseph T. Dipiro ; Terry L. Schwinghammer ; Cecily V. Dipiro ( 2009 ) 7th edition Pharmacotherapy Handbook. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ) , it is found that the guideline for intervention and the doses is the same. Furthermore, the information from this web site is dependable and accurate as it was published by Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, United States of America. It is a United State federal bureau under the Department of Health and Human Services. It works to protect public wellness and supply information sing how to forestall and bring around diseases for the safety intents. It is non-profit based. Beginning 2 Besides that, I evaluated the beginning from a journal article [ Pereira S.M. ; Dantas O.M. ; Ximenes R. ; Barreto ML. ( 2007 ) BCG vaccinum against TB: its protective consequence and inoculation policies ] . The information about BCG vaccinum in this article is proven to be dependable and accurate because it matched with the beginning from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/health/BCG-Immunisation.htm. Both of the beginning stated that BCG inoculation is non 100 % guaranteed protection but its high effectivity of about 80 % enable many TB instances to be prevented. ( 2664 words )

Akamai Teknologi

Why don’t major business firms distribute their videos using P2P networks like BitTorrent? BitTorrent is a protocol that supports the practice of peer-to-peer file sharing and is used for distributing large amounts of data over the Internet. Peer-to-peer  (P2P) networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers.Emerging collaborative P2P systems are going beyond the era of peers doing similar things while sharing resources, and are looking for diverse peers that can bring in unique resources and capabilities to a virtual community thereby empowering it to engage in greater tasks beyond those that can be accomplished by individual peers, yet that are beneficial to all the peers. Major business firms distribute their videos not using P2P networks like BitTorrent Because Akamai’s service is available in all countries in the world.For example, 85% of the world’s Internet users are within a single network â€Å"ho p† of an Akamai server. Akamai has A wide range of large corporate and government clients: 1 out of every 3 global Fortune 500 companies, 90 of the top 100 online U. S. retailers, all branches of the U. S. military, all of the top Internet portals, all the major U. S. sports leagues, and so on. Akamai has over 73,000 servers on nearly 1,000 networks in 70 countries around the world. In the 2010, Akamai delivers between 15% and 30% of all Web traffic, and hundreds of billions of daily Internet interactions.Akamai’s massive server deployment and relationships with networks throughout the World enable optimal collection of geography and bandwidth-sensing information. Beside that, the Akamai it has an special way which this company is using it to make an easily download’s for the costumers such as videos, music and so on. However, Web sites that are â€Å"Akamaized† can be delivered anywhere from 4 to 10 times as fast as non-Akamaized content. P2P means the sh aring of files between users of the P2P service such as Bittorent or Bitlord. But this also means that all users are actually servers meaning that it is not easy to collect user data.Also major firms might want to use Akamai instead of P2P as it is more reliable, secure and stable. With the underlying infrastructure of the Internet major companies will most likely not benefit from P2P services. Due to the slow loading of websites companies will most likely chose for a web-streamed based content. These content are often saved on a local server and are most likely quicker distributed to their costumers. As a result, Akamai provides a highly accurate knowledge base with worldwide coverage. Customers integrate a simple program into their Web server or application server.This program communicates with the Akamai database to retrieve the very latest information. The Akamai network of servers is constantly mapping the Internet, and at the same time, each company’s software is in con tinual communication with the Akamai network. The result: data is always current. Advertisers can deliver ads based on country, region, city, market area, area code, county, zip code, connection type, and speed. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/BitTorrent http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/The_World_of_Peer-to Peer_(P2P)/Networks_and_Protocols/BitTorrent http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Peer-to-peer