International and Comparative Relations Essay Example for Free

International and Comparative Relations Essay As the number of hired workers in companies raises so are the Human Resources Managers facing more challenges as they need to maintain a competitive edge in their business both at home and abroad. Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization created fresh opportunities which resulted to some firms retreating and others expanding (Bamber, Lansbury Wailes, 2004), making the entry of foreign firms to be faced by challenges than it was in the 1970s and thus even the HR managers are in for a challenge since they have to carefully know how to tackle the culture of post-WTO China so as to have an effective HRM systems. According to Lucas (2004) it is important to understand the HRM challenges facing foreign firms in China and how to overcome them. According to information given by interviewees, who included senior managers and private equity specialists, it was discovered that the Western model of HRM may not solve the challenges. Firms had to come out with ideas on how to manage human resources in response to the changing environment in China. To know how the firms were doing this, interviews were conducted rather than survey instrument (Deery Mitchell, 1999). After the interviews it was noted that the strategies of the HR in China differed from those of the West. For instance one of the HR process in China is selection of people they want to work in their companies. Some private successful firms wanted young people who are from school others selected people who do not drink or smoke. While firms really wanted to remove redundant employees in their companies, some of the managers that were interviewed said that there was benefit â€Å"organized† over-staffing. Again in the issue of employee contribution; to encourage employee contribution there had to be change of mentality like their association of mistakes with penalties. It was noted that many employees in the foreign firms were afraid to do anything outside their job description thus the HRM policies were encouraged to aim at helping these employees. There was also the issue of training programs in which they should also teach about what is wrong and its solution.  Ã‚   One way of helping these employees according to (Verma, Kochan Lansbury, 1995) was to train them well in their jobs so as to extend even beyond their job description. This however has to be encouraged through creation of friendly environment involvement in risk taking. There is also another problem of lack of ground rules that are well-established which results to interference with the operations. Some individuals have the power to stop some industries from operating. The foreign firms thus need to know the relevant person in that location. The HR has the role to select well-connected people in management team (Morgenstern, 1984). Even in some companies they need the individuals they want to hire for their jobs to have connections with government bodies or powerful individuals so as they can link them in case of a problem. The HR also plays the role of â€Å"change agent† (Blanpain, Lansbury Park, 2002) where they help firms implement new programs, improve processes and transform positively the organizations culture. Employment relationship is vital as the employers need to have good relationship with their existing employees as well as their new ones so as to avoid problems at the place of works hence increasing workplace productivity. This however can be complex as sometimes the employees can find the rules set by the employers quite challenging. As human the way we choose to control our goal maybe different from what the organization wants. The organization needs people who can interact with others to be productive to the company. The employment relation constitutes of three sides that is the employers, employees and the law. In addition there are employment rights.   In different countries and cities we have different way of treating employees and companies also have got different policies. Employment relationships are faced by challenges such as competitive pressures, technological change as this may result to either the employer seeking new employees who have got the most updated technological skills or requiring the old employees to update their skill by going back to class of which other will not welcome the idea, changing of owns behaviors; this may lead to disappointment to either party. As time goes by the employee-employer relationship changes. This according to Blanpain, Lansbury Park (2002) can be brought about by societal, organizational or individual changes. From the society point of view changes in the relationship is as a result developments in our society for example the cultural norms influence and the values that are related to exchanges. The organization together with the employee composes the second and third sources of changes in employment relationship. The organization and the employer both are part of the society and are both influenced by the same structural factors and dynamic change processes. However they still have some differences as the desires of the organization and those of the employee may not necessarily converge. For instance the organization may require organizational flexibility to cope with the competitiveness. Similarly the employee desire and expectations of the organization may change for example an employee with a family probably with small children will want the employers flexibility to provide good balance between his job and his private life as an important issue. There seems as if the traditional labor laws are less effective in determining the employment relationships in many countries (Dickens Neal, 2006). The pressure for flexibility in firms has led to changes in the employment relations. These changes have been linked to societal factors. In 1999-2000, twenty-seven Dutch Organization (Bach, 1999) a questionnaire was distributed to groups of employees. The data that was gathered from a sample that represented the working population showed that the younger and older employee was underrepresented and there was over representation of people between 25 and 44 years. This is a contradiction to the Chinese authority who wanted younger people. The questionnaires also assessed individual characters, employee obligations toward the company and employer obligation toward the employee. It was noted that most employees aired out their opinions on several issues affecting them and they were thinking beyond their jobs. This is unlike in China where due to fear of intimidation employees were afraid to air out their opinions. A comparative study of employment systems in the US and Japan was achieved by use of game-theoretic framework (Rapra Technology Limited, 2005) here the employment system was seen as an equilibrium outcome of interactions among management, labor, and government. In both countries, the relations evolved from ones associated with short-term contracts and company-wide employee representation. While Japan continued in the same path, the U.S experienced a breakdown of implicit contract during the Great Depression (Mortimer Leece, 1994). It is important to study internationally comparative employment relations so as to contribute to our knowledge about the employment relations in other countries and also to provide model for the development of policy. Due to globalization, there is increased economic connectedness hence the need to learn about employment relations practices in other countries. In addition it also helps with theory construction. International comparison requires acceptance of reference point. Employment relations in Britain as accordance to Jenkins (2000) was characterized with formation of unions which marked a big growth up until the World War II when due to a rising number in unemployment the membership of the unions declined. This was also caused by part-time jobs and concentration in the private sector where unions found it hard to recruit. Unlike most other   Western European countries, Britain (Sparrow Cooper, 2003)has one main union confederation that is the Trades Union Congress(TUC) that was established in 1868.Between 1980 and 1990 private sector firms membership of employers associations fell sharply before it started to rise again slightly in the 1990s. The state plays a very important role in employment relations either directly and/or indirectly. The changing pattern of employment relation in Britain reflects some trends which may include de-industrialization, proportion increase in services and growth of a typical employment. Employment relation in United States of America can be started in 1930s (Stuart Martinez- Lucio, 2005) when the US unions first arose as a seemingly permanent force. Between 1940-1950 the unions grew tremendously and in 1960s and 1970s transformed government employment into sector with strong unions. Employers organizations in USA are relatively unimportant and unlike in other countries there have not been any employers confederations. By 1985 the depth of union membership crisis was acknowledged and new forms of employee participation appeared in some workplaces. Though in the early 1990s there was a strong economic recovery (Bender Theodossiou, 1996), there was growing polarisation in employees labor market experiences. By 2000 the pressures from globalisation increased. The non-union sector has marked a tremendous growth in spite of the labour laws being enforced. REFERENCES Almond, P Ferner, A 2006, American multinationals in Europe: managing employment    relations across national borders, Oxford University Press, Melbourne   Bach, S 1999, Public Service Employment Relations in Europe: Transformation, Modernization    Or Inertia?, Routledge Bamber, G, Lansbury, R Wailes, N 2004, International and Comparative Employment   Ã‚   Relations: Globalisation and the Developed Market Economies, 4th ed, SAGE, Boca Raton,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FL Bender, K Theodossiou, I 1996, International Comparisons of the Real Wage-employment    Relationship, University of Aberdeen Blanpain, R, Lansbury, R Park, Y 2002, The Impact of Globalisation on Employment

Atonement as a Liberation for African American Christians

Atonement as a Liberation for African American Christians Shirley Mitchell Can the gospel message of the Atonement have a liberating message for all African-American Christians? Is there really power in the blood? JoAnne Marie Terrell in her exposition explored the meaning of the cross, sources of suffering and sacrifice from the beginning of Christianity through modern times and it is written by an African-American feminist who has suffered both abuse and oppression as a black woman.[1] (J. M. Terrell 1998). JoAnne Marie Terrell, Power in the Blood examines in her exposition the historical exploration of the meaning of the Cross and the impact it has towards the identity and history of African-Americans. From her introduction, she interprets the evil and suffering in which black theology approached the issue of the atonement and the cross. She identifies the various devices such as Negro spirituals, those oppressed in slavery, biblical texts, and other writings which conveyed both positive and negative experiences of African-Americans. She crafted her own observations by beginning with her own remembrance of the cross from slave narratives and other sources bringing them together while linking them with that of the character of Celie in the Color Purple, with the description of God echoing her own: He big and old and gray-bearded and white. He wears white robes and goes barefooted.[2] (Terrell n.d.). The Christians have always placed the great emphasis of Jesus death on the cross, though theologians often are at odds on how to interpret The Crucifixion. Many grapple with the images of torture and abuse, the suffering, and abandonment that Jesus endured while on the cross. Those of us as theologians and who study Christianity often attempt to define Gods nature by explaining Jesus final line, my God, my God, why have you forsaken me, (Matt 27:46, Mk 15:34). One may question, Did God actually forsake Jesus? The divine and human nature of Jesus were never separated. Yet, it is clear, that His fellowship with the Father was temporarily broken as He took the sins of the world upon Himself. Jesus used the words of Psalm 22, which begins with David affirming his conviction that God was in control. With the sins of the world upon him, Jesus felt the agony of separation from his Father. At times, we may feel alone, abandoned or rejected but we should remember Gods promise: Never will I le ave you; never will I forsake you (Heb 13:5). Today our social conditions continue to compel women to accept surrogacy roles. Both African-Americans and other ethnic races continue to labor as domestic workers and are often subjected to modern-day indentured servitude by our white employers. While our black men are being incarcerated at a rate 9.6 times that of white men, leaving the women to take on the role of both mothers and fathers to their children. Convinced by our churches teaching that suffering is a virtue, African-American women remain trapped in sexually, mentally, and physically abusive relationships. They are told in some of our churches to pray for them and faithfully bear their crosses. They identified with Jesus, writes Jacquelyn Grant of black women in slavery, because they believed that Jesus identified with them. As Jesus was persecuted and made to suffer undeservedly, so were they. His suffering culminated in the Crucifixion. But Jesus suffering was not the suffering of a mere human, for Jesus was understood to be God incarnate.[3] (Grant 1993, 281). Since crucifixion was a curse from God (Deut 21:22-23), the act was particularly heinous to Jewish people and what has become so despicable among us has become the instrument of our salvation. Jesus previously instructed his disciples to take up their crosses and follow him (Matt 16:24). Demetrius K. Williams finds redemptive meaning in Jesus crucifixion and how the cross sparked the formation of our religious community with an allegiance to Christ. This fellowship breaks down race, gender, and class distinctions that separate people in the larger society, and it unifies all who proclaim Christ crucified.[4] (Williams 1993). Jesus crucifixion affirmed their faith in their understanding of the saving work of Christ. It depicts all that Jesus endured overcoming evil and set believers free. For Christians, it demonstrates Gods love towards the world and our instructions that we must love God, our neighbors, and our enemies, as well as, the punishment we deserve as sinners which Jesus suffered in our place. Jesus was wounded for our transgressions, crushed for our iniquities; by His wounds, we are healed. (Isaiah 53). From the similarity during slavery, lynched bodies and Jesus body on the cross, to crosses being burned on peoples lawns, the cross has always been a source of tension in black history. Nevertheless, the cross offers our communities faith, hope, and surviving power. By appropriating Jesus Crucifixion with African-American histories in mind and the deep faith in Jesus and the biblical witness in their hearts, black theologians and feminists free the cross for redemption. It symbolizes the suffering a person may have to endure who chooses to place Christ and his kingdom first in their lives and in doing so, they renew its liberating power for other suffering and abused persons living as the least of these in society today. The Crucifixion of Jesus proclaims that love is more powerful than hate and Jesus invites us to put our trust in Him, even in the face of evil, suffering, and oppression. Therein lies the power of Jesus Cross saving power. [1]Terrell, JoAnne Marie. Power in the Blood? The Cross in the African American Experience. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998. [2]Terrell, Joanne Marie. Strange Fruit: JoAnne Marie Terrells Power in the Blood. http://frjody.com/writings/seminary/strange-fruit-joanne-mari. [3] Grant, Jacquelyn. Womanist Theology: Black Womans Experience as a Source for Doing Theology, with Special Reference to Christology, in Black Theology: A Documentary History, ed. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1993. [4] Williams, Demetrius K. Identifying with the Cross of Christ, in the Passion of the Lord, ed. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1993.

The Religion of Money in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Essay

The Religion of Money in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   Near the beginning of George Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara, Mr. Undershaft exclaims in retort of another's question, "well, I am a millionaire, and that is my religion" (Shaw 103). Many people look toward the heavens in search of the power to enable them to live in the world. Others, like Shaw's Mr. Undershaft, look toward more earthly subjects to obtain their power and symbolize their status. Often these subjects, such as money, wealth, or physical beauty and ability, give their owners an overbearing sense of power and ability in all of that they do. Some people become so obsessed with their materialistic power that it becomes their religion and leads them in everything that they do. In F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, the character of Tom Buchanan is introduced and portrayed as someone who has allowed his physical abilities, money, and wealth, become his religion and lead him in his actions, perceived thoughts and beliefs, and speech.    Nick, the first person narrator of The Great Gatsby, introduces Tom as a "national figure in a way, one of those men who reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty-one that everything afterwards savours of anti-climax" (Fitzgerald 10). In college at New Haven, Tom relied on his physical abilities, as "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" (Fitzgerald 10), as well as inherited wealth to give him the power and prestige to be perceived as better than the best. In the beginning of his college career, as Nick seems to suggest, it was this supreme physical ability on the football field that allowed Tom to have supreme reign over all off the field. But, after college, the football legacy ended, and with it, Tom'... ...lected to "make a short deft movement [that] broke her nose with his open hand" (Fitzgerald 41) rather than admit that the other party could do something without his explicit permission.    From his first introduction early in the first chapter of The Great Gatsby to the end of the second, Tom strives to constantly remind everyone around him of his power through his actions, thoughts, and speech. Like royal subjects loyal to their king, he believes that everyone is under him and should respect and obey his every wish. Through the mastery of Fitzgerald's poetic hand, a character has been created to which wealth has become a religion and god has become a personification of himself.    Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner-Simon, 1992. Shaw, George Bernard. Pygmalion and Major Barbara. New York: Bantom Books, 1992.

Trends In Copyright Infringement: A Review of Two Predictive Articles :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Trends In Copyright Infringement: A Review of Two Predictive Articles      Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: In 1995 Lance Rose and Esther Dyson wrote articles in Wired Magazine expressing polarized views on the future of copyright law and copyright infringement.   This essay reviews those articles, analyzes each article's accuracy as defined by current trends years later.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the past decade the societal view of creative society has greatly changed due to advances in computer technology and the Internet.   In 1995, aware of the beginning of this change, two authors wrote articles in Wired Magazine expressing diametrically opposed views on how this technological change would take form, and how it would affect copyright law.   In the article "The Emperor's Clothes Still Fit Just Fine" Lance Rose hypothesized that the criminal nature of copyright infringement would prevent it from developing into a socially acceptable practice. Thus, he wrote, we would not need to revise copyright law to prevent copyright infringement.   In another article, Entitled "Intellectual Value", Esther Dyson presented a completely different view of the copyright issue.   She based many her arguments on the belief that mainstream copyright infringement would proliferate in the following years, causing a radical revision of Ame rican ideas and laws towards intellectual property.  Ã‚   What has happened since then?   Who was right?   This paper analyzes the situation then and now, with the knowledge that these trends are still in a state of transformation. As new software and hardware innovations make it easier to create, copy, alter, and disseminate original digital content, this discussion will be come even more critical.    Whereas Rose advocated better policing practices and improved copyright legislation, Dyson proposed that the de facto legalization of content duplication would nullify copyright law, resulting in a service-based economy with little copyright law.   While this economic and legal evolution will continue for years to come, it is this author's opinion that Dyson's model of change seems much more likely based on events and trends over the past six years.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of Rose's argument for the retention of current copyright laws stems from the faulty belief that copyright infringement will remain much of an underground practice.   In his article Rose asserts that "Net users who aren't at least mildly familiar with the [file-sharing] underworld will never even hear about such systems before they are dismembered" [1].   While file-sharing might not have been an important issue in 1995, the word "underworld" does not accurately describe the flourishing file sharing situation today.

GCSE English Coursework: The Crucible Essay -- Essay on The Crucible

GCSE English Coursework: The Crucible The Crucible. Arthur Miller, ‘The Crucible’ is a play based upon the events of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The story is about a religiously motivated town. The story is about a group of girls’ who are led by Abigail, who blamed witchcraft for their troubles. Being a strict Christian society the people of Salem believed in the girl’s stories. In conclusion this led into 20 people being falsely accused, and hung. The girl’s stories were easy to believe because of many reasons. Salem town was filled in a Puritanism belief. Everything they did was for God; they were doing God’s work. With this they believed that the bible was the ultimate answer to any question. When something went wrong they would automatically look into the bible and the teachings of God and anything it said they would abbey to it. John Proctor is accused of being a witch when he forgets his 10 commandments. He forgets to mention about not committing adultery. Proctor replies to this by saying, â€Å"I think it may be a small fault†, with Hale replying, â€Å"Theology, sir, is a fortress; no crack in a fortress may be accounted small†. Because they lived in a society that was strict and suspicious about everything because they were paranoid with fear. Hale suggests that because has forgot to mention adultery that Proctor doesn’t see it as a problem and will commit adultery. The people of Salem would swiftly blame the devil as when something bad or evil would happen. Towards the beginning of Act One we see this when Betty falls sick and Mrs Putnam says, â€Å"I’d not call it sick; the Devil’s touch is heavier than sick†, this shows us what a strongly religious society Salem was at this time. This makes the ... ...he liked her power. She likes to be in control. The society has a strong pride. With the people of Salem not confessing to the witchcraft. Because they didn’t admit they assumed that they did do the witchcraft, so the girl’s stories were easy to believe even more so. In conclusion the girl’s stories were easy to be believed because the society of Salem was an extremely religious. They were paranoid with fear, which made them venerable to small things: causing superstition. Another reason why the girl’s stories were easy to believe was because people wanted to believe them so they could end old grudges and claim land. People were scared to question the Bible because they would be accused of doing the Devil’s work and then hung. The Religious views about Christianity were taken too literally and as a punishment over 20 people were hung because of it.

Globalization: a boom or a threat? Essay

Globalization is an interaction between different economies, societies and cultures through a worldwide network of trade, communication and transportation. Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages on every economy that exists in this world. Globalization affects every country in a very serious manner. According to studies globalization has more advantages over its disadvantages. Globalization leads to exchange of technology between different countries, exchange of weapons for defense, it reduces the fear of war between developed nations, it leads to free trade between countries, it reduces cultural barrier and helps to increase global village effect. These examples are just a part of the story and there are many more advantageous of globalization over its disadvantages. Globalization is a controversial topic since last two decades; many people believe that globalization has many disadvantages like outsourcing of jobs to other nations, losing cultural identity and exploitation of workers rights. Following is the list of advantageous of globalization and its disadvantages. However, list of advantages of globalization is way longer than its disadvantageous that leaves us to decide that is globalization a boom or a threat? Globalization leads to exchange of technology from developed countries to other developing nations. Taking an example of America’s technology transfer to India has changed the world. America transfers it’s nuclear, information technology, medicine and machinery technology to India, which brought a boom in the Indian economy. India was known the as third world country but now it is known as upcoming super power after china. Globalization affected Indian economy is a very serious and a good manner. In return India offers US with its call center services. Also, U.S. is outsourcing its manufacturing and white collar jobs to India which saves America tons of billions of dollars every year because of cheap and reliable services provided by India to American customers. The U.S. shares its army training programs with India and transfer latest weapons to Indian army which is very useful to maintain an army balance in south Asia and also to fight with terrorists. In return Indian army trains American army with jungle warfare tactics. Working out together is a key to success and globalization makes it possible. It is beneficial for both the economies by being interdependent on each other. It leads to rapid growth of both the economies. Globalization leads to reduce tension of war between two or more developed nations. Globalization pacifies international relations. Two countries that trade together are reciprocally dependent to each other. One is interested in selling and other is interested to buy. The best example is the U.S. and China, China wants to sell and U.S. wants to buy cheap stuff. Even though, China is the biggest threat to the US at this moment, U.S. does not want a war with China because of its national interest. In return U.S. provides China with money and technology. Both the countries are equally and reciprocally dependent to each other. Hence, globalization helps reducing tension of war between developed nations. Globalization leads to freedom to exchange good and capital by free trade policies. With globalization, companies can manufacture goods at places with low cost labor and at place where there are not many jobs available. For example American companies prefer to outsource its manufacturing plants to India or other Asian countries because of its cheap labor, massive man power available there, very less cost of production and very less or no taxes by their government which results in lowering the cost of the product. Globalization reduces cultural barrier and makes the global village effect dream come true. Taking an example of America, we know a lot more about other cultures now than what our parents or grandparents knew. We are more open to other cultures. Our minds are more open to other ideas, traditions and this has made it a very exciting time for our generation and for those to come. We eat sushi in lunch or Italian in dinner, all this counts to make us more knowledgeable about other cultures. People on the other side of the world like in India or China watch Hollywood movies, eat peanut butter jelly in breakfast, wear Hollister or American eagle which in a way helps them to understand western culture. As a result, they overcome their cultural barrier and compete with rest of the world. Now days every culture affects other culture directly or indirectly and making ourselves more and more knowledgeable about different cultures will help us to make our global village effect dream come true. A quote from Pico Iyer’s essay would have worked in this previous paragraph. However, disadvantages of globalization like outsourcing of white collar jobs and manufacturing jobs to developing nations by developed nation’s leads to decent percentage of unemployment in the developed nations. Also, problems like losing cultural identity and exploitation of workers’ rights are concerning many people in the world. Even though, globalization has many advantages, its disadvantages moves along with it and these disvantages cannot be neglected. Taking an example of world recession, 2008, U.S. citizens lost millions of jobs and the only reason was not enough jobs available in the U.S. because decent amount of white collar jobs were outsourced to India or China. Subject?Bad moves along with good and we should accept it and find a way to get rid of these disadvantages of globalization instead of criticizing it. Globalization has many advantages and disadvantages, but it’s advantageous like exchange of technology between different countries, exchange of weapons for defense, reduced fear of war between developed nations, free trade between countries, reduced cultural barrier and increase in global village effect overcomes its disadvantages like outsourcing of white collar jobs, exploitation of worker rights and loss of cultural identity. Studies show that demerits of globalization are way lesser than its merits and these demerits can be resolved by imposing some policies. As a result globalization is more of a boom to the world and not than a threat.

Organizational Communication: Process Essay

Introduction: Communicate with others is necessary and essential for everyone. Students  need to communicate with their classmates or their teachers and employees need to communicate with their boss and clients. Communication is everywhere in people’s daily life. However, there are many factors can affect how the communication goes. Communication formed from transfer information from one person to another.(Orlova, 2010) In this passage, the writer will give two real-life example of both successful and failure organizational communication cases then illustrate the reason why non-verbal communication , face to face communication and self-awareness contribute to the efficient communication and how these factors works. Last but not the least; the writer will explain how different organizational cultural values, lack of active listening and Computer-Mediated Communication boost the failure communication case. Successful Communication Example: This example is about a discussion group which formed with three people in my schoolwork, one Chinese, one Japanese and one Vietnamese. We were going to discuss a question about what cause to climate change. Since I do not know much things about the climate change. When Japanese was talking, I concentrated on what she said and have eye contact with her. If I looked like confusing, she would clarify what she just talked about and never mind to speak again. Both of Vietnamese girl and me had nodding our heads when we agree with her point of views. Sometimes we used some gestures and facial expression when we were discussing. What’s more, we had group meetings in school every day that we can finish our work together. At last, our tutor said we all done a great job. Factors that promote the organizational communication: â€Å"Non-verbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages, language is not only source of communication, and there are other means also. Nonverbal communication can be communicated through gesture and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expressions and eye contact. â€Å"(Orlova, 2010).One of the reason of why Non-verbal communication promotes organizational communication is because it is trustworthy. As described in the example, when we were discussing, we had eye contact with others. Eyes don’t lie. If you have eye contact with someone who is talking, it proves  that you are paying attention of what he or she said and also shows your respect to that person. What’s more, the speaker can also recognize others whether understand what he or she is talking about. When I looked confused in the conversation, the Japanese girl will elucidate what she had just talk about in detail so as to make me know clearly about it. After this, I knew more things about climate change which encourage me to do more research about it rather than only listening about other’s opinions. This is really important when you are doing a group project. Another reason for why non-verbal communication is superior for organizational communication is that people can transmit a message naturally and even do not need to speak out to make others understand the meaning unconsciously. Firstly, body language helps us conducting the discussion. It will not make sense until you response to other’s talking. When we agree with others, we will show our understanding through nodding our heads or raising our thumbs. Secondly, we sat very close to each other when we were discussing, like friends more than group mates that help us to establish the relationship more friendly and warmer. Orlova(2010) emphasised the reason of why the use of spaces is mainly significant when people have interaction in groups is because where group members sit relative to one another have an effect on the flow of the conversation. Face-to-face communication contribute to the successfully communication as well. Rick et al. (2009) found that because face-to-face communication is produced in real time, speakers have direct feedback on how their message is being understood as it is being delivered. In our discussion group, our entire group members insist of having group meeting in campus everyday contributed to the success of the discussion most. Face-to-face communication is able to make sure that each of us merely focuses on our discussion in the particular time. Despite the fact that face to face communication not as convince as online chat. †Face-to-face communication is in fact much more than speaking and speech is greatly influenced both in substance and content by this essential form of communication.†(Marion, Jean-Luc & Gerard 2010) People can have a better interaction when having face to face communication. In our discussion group, when someone do not agree with other’s opinions we can discuss directly and asking questions.  Face-to-face communication can encourage people to continue the discussion as well. When someone can’t speak fluently, others will help him or her to keep on talking, for example, gives some door opener questions or paraphrase his or her arguments. Face-to-face encounters tend to go on longer than other forms of communication. However, when our group buddies have a face-to-face conversation, each of us has made an effort to the meeting. We have probably spent longer talking together in order to have a better discussion about our topic. Self-awareness also makes us do a better job on our group work. The more you know about yourself, the greater you will feel emotionally and the more adapt you will become at dealing with situations. Self-awareness is one’s own knowledge and assessment, including their mental aptitude, personality characteristics and psychological understanding of psychological processes and evaluation. If someone can realize what he or she good at and the weakness of themselves, they can do the job better. People evaluate themselves accurately which can help them to work more efficiently. One of the most important things in doing projects with others is contribution. It is impossible that you want others to finish your part of job either. Self-awareness can make you know clear about what you can do for this team. In our discussion group, I am the person who not good at collating information so that I was in charge for the researching part. I would give the information to the Vietnamese girl who is good at comprehensive analysis to collating information. This distribution of work can make our discussion group work more efficiently and everyone feel comfortable about this allocation. The failure organizational communication example: When I was doing the BEP course last year, a presentation group was formed with four people. People are all from different countries including one Iraqi, one Chileans, one Indian and me from China. However, when the Iraqi was talking about her thoughts about the presentation she did not allow others to add some views and she just keep talking on her own. After she finished her talking, she presently continued to busy about her own business  and totally annoying what other group members were talking. Though she is the woman who has many life experiences and she don’t care about what others thinking. In this situation, even we can meet at the classroom every day, our group buddies changed to use E-mail to connect with each other and did not have a formal discussion anymore. This was not like a team work. Not surprisingly, our presentation group got a very low mark due to the lacking of communication Factors that boost the failed organizational communication: Active listening is a complicated branch of learning which requires intense awareness and attention to both of verbally and nonverbally information that someone is transmitting. It calls for the listener to pour out themselves of personal concerns, distractions and preconceptions. (Mackay, 1994) Listening is the ability of how you receiving the message and make judgment about the words. When someone is listening, he or she may write notes with the purpose of make a long term remembering and paraphrase in his or her own words. What’s more, listening is also the ability of learning, people can learn from others when they are listening. Attentive listening not only means we pay all of our attention to receiving from others but also tell others what we interested in. Active listening is crucial in many areas, for instance, in the working environment, employee should listen to their colleague and students should take notes or paraphrase teacher’s speech during classes. Nevertheless, the writer thinks that acting listening is especially important for the team work. It can demonstrate your respect and only make other feel your presence but also making effort to the task. In our presentation group, the Iraqi only focused on what she was thinking and did not give some advices or reflection about others’ ideas. What’s more; she was doing her own business when others were talking and it seems that what we said have nothing to do with her. This kind of egocentrism is the barrier to listening which leads to the ineffective communication in our presentation group. Other group members would have prejudices and biases because the way of how she behaves. â€Å"Corporate culture defines the ‘feel’ of an organization-the strategies, managerial personalities, style, environment, traditions, ethics, and shared values and beliefs that contribute to its individuality. It can be broadly described as  authoritative, bureaucratic or entrep reneurial.†(Graham & Martin 2004) People come from different countries tend to have a different set of norms and different views to the same subject. Mott (2008) has argued that there are a lot of easily noticeable aspects of an organizational culture, such as their behaviour and life experience. At the same time, there are also other parts of organizational culture are more theoretical, like their beliefs, values, and assumptions .In our presentation groups, all of our group members come from different countries may have diverse culture values and assumptions. The Iraqi woman who thought herself had experience much more than each of us did not consider about others opinions or she thought only what she said was right and everyone should follow her. What’s more, the Chileans young boy stopped talk about the topic of our presentation after we were treated like that. And the Indian people and I just feel helpless in this situation. All of these things can be analysed as because we have different personalities and different style of communication with others. â€Å"The culture of an organization is important because it frequently affects its ability to get things done† (Graham & Martin 2004).Everyone in the presentation group contributed to the failure communication because it was hard for us to understand foreign countries’ terms, values and how foreigners performs in the certain situation. People do not have to right to judge other’s behaviour whether right or wrong. The living environment can affect someone’s values too. Computer-Mediated Communication leads to the failed organizational communication as well. Simpson (2002) claimed that â€Å"CMC is an umbrella term which refers to human communication via computers. Temporally, a distinction can be made between synchronous CMC, where interaction takes place in real time, and asynchronous CMC, where participants are not necessarily online simultaneously. â€Å"In spite of CMC bring us a lot of convince and freedom from time-space, CMC, it provide less time for our group mates to develop our relationship and have less chance to understand each other better. Besides, CMC does not involve people’s non-verbal behaviours and initial reaction. People can do multi task at the same time when they using CMC which may pay less attention on one task. In the example I stated above, the presentation group chose to communicate via CMC rather than face-to –face communication caused to the result that we are not able to communicate in a proper way. Using E-mail to connect with our  group buddies was inefficient because not each of us check mail box regularly. Sometimes we received the e-mail in the next day and would not response in time. As the presentation group which mixed four people from different countries, it was hard for each group members to communicate and understand others well.. Conclusion: To sum up, at the beginning of this passage, the writer talked about why the members of discussion group communicated with each other successfully .Firstly, non-verbal communication which contains a lot of eye contact, gesture and body movement make the conversation conduct efficiently. Secondly, the discussion group insists to have face to face communication everyday provide a positive impact on the organizational communication. Thirdly, self-awareness of each group member knows clear about what is the strength and weakness of them contributes to the successful communication as well. At the second part of this paper, the writer explained how organizational cultural values effect the conversation. If group members lacking of active listening can cause to the termination of the conversation had been discussed in this part. Next, the writer had illustrated the difference organizational culture values between group members would have a negative impact on the communication. Last but not the least, Computer-Mediated Communication which lack of non-verbal communication, instant feedback and initial reaction also boost the failure communication case. How to communicate with others is a course for everyone. Having a better communication with others brings lots of advantages in both study area and daily life. Because successful communication can help you to have a better relationship with others and sometimes it can avoid conflict as well. Learning to listen to others and accept others opinions is the basic skills for the successful communication. However, communication is not only consisting of literalness but also non-verbal communication. If you learn how to communicate with others, you take the first step to success. References Marion Dohen, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Gerard Bailly 2010 ‘Speech and face-to-face communication – An introduction’ Speech Communication, Volume 52, Issue 6, pp. 477 – 480 Mackay H.1994, The good listener. Better relationships through better communication.(Previously published as Why don’t people listen)Sydney: Pan Macmillan Martin Graham 2004,‘Cultural Values’ Motor Transport, 07/2004, p. 12 Mott Linn 2008, ‘Organizational culture: an important factor to consider’ The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances, Volume 21, Issue 3, pp. 88 – 93 Orlova M. Ð 2010, ‘The role of interaction of verbal and non-verbal means of communication in different types of discourse’ Sociosfera, Volume 4, pp. 58 – 66 Rick van der Kleij, Jan Maarten Schraagen, Peter Werkhoven and Carsten K. W. De Dreu2009, ‘How Conversations Change Over Time in Face-to-Face and Video-Mediated Communication’ Small Group Research, Volume 40,Issue 4,pp.355-381 Simpson, James, 2002’Computer-Mediated Communic ation’ ELT Journal, Volume 56, Issue 4, pp. 414 – 15